New Media and Freedom of Expression

András Koltay is Professor of Law at the National University of Public Service, and at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary.

1. The Foundations of Free Speech and Freedom of the Press
I. Freedom of Speech in the Age of the Internet
II. The Category of ‘Speech’ and the Scope of Protection
III. Limitation of the Freedom of Speech
IV. Freedom of the Press and Media Regulation

2. The Regulation of the Internet and its Gatekeepers in the Context of the Freedom of Speech
I. Online Content Providers as ‘Media’
II. The Regulation of Internet Gatekeepers

3. Internet Service Providers
I. Introduction
II. Obligations of the Internet Service Providers Regarding Illegal Content
III. The Problem of Network Neutrality
IV. Censorship by Internet Service Providers

4. Search Engines
I. Introduction – The Role of Search Engines in Online Public Sphere
II. Search Results as Speech
III. The Liability of Search Engines for Violations of Personality Rights
IV. The Manipulation of Search Results
V. Summary

5. Social Media Platforms
I. Introduction
II. Social Media Platforms and the Democratic Public Sphere
III. The Regulation of Platforms by Legislation
IV. Private Regulation by Platforms
V. Summary

6. Gatekeepers’ Responsibility for Online Comments
I. The Case of Online Comments
II. The European Court of Human Rights Case Law Relating to Comments – Overview
III. The Relevant Criteria in the Cases before the European Court of Human Rights
IV. Main Criticism of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
V. The Case of Social Media Comments
VI. Summary

7. The Future of Regulating Gatekeepers
I. Introduction
II. Possible Interpretations of Existing Legal Doctrines Concerning the Public Sphere
III. The Possible Models of Future European Regulation
IV. Summary