Nanotechnology for Defence Applications (eBook)
XX, 341 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-29880-7 (ISBN)
This book examines the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology in military defence strategies. Both historical and current perspectives on military technologies are discussed. The book provides comprehensive details on current trends in the application of nanotechnology to ground, air, and naval specializations. Furthermore, nanotechnology-enabled high energy explosives and propellants, chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear threats and their detection/protection, and camouflage and stealth for signature management of military targets in multispectral wavelength signals are analyzed. The book also covers nanotechnology-enabled armor and platforms, which may serve as lightweight and high mechanical strength options in contrast to conventional systems. Finally, the book also emphasizes future military applications of nanotechnology and its integration into 'smart' materials.
- Provides comprehensive details on trends in the application of nanotechnology to ground, air, and naval defence systems;
- Examines the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology in military defence strategies;
- Offers pathways and research avenues for development of nanotechnology and materials applications in military capacities.
Dr. Narendra Kumar is a former Director and DRDO fellow (Ministry of Defence, Government of India). With his Ph.D. degree in Organometallic Chemistry from Delhi University, he has experience in working on a variety of advanced materials, including organometallics, liquid crystals, conducting polymers, and nanomaterials. He also has experience with evolving green synthetic routes for the preparation of metal salts by electrochemicals, conducting polymers and nanomaterials in aqueous media, and products based on such materials for defence applications. Dr. Kumar has published 110 research papers, including four review articles, in International journals. He is a co-author of several book chapters, he holds 12 patents and has co-authored three books on nanotechnology. He was a post-doctoral Fellow between 1981 and 1983 at Windsor University in Canada, and also served as a visiting research associate of CSIR from 1992-1995. He is the recipient of the DRDO Technology Award for his pioneering research work on conducting polymers and received the DRDO Scientist of the Year Award from the Prime Minister of India for products based on conducting Polymers and nanomaterials for defence applications. He has also been awarded the national MRSI-ICSC Super Conductivity and Materials Science Annual prize from the Materials Research Society of India. Dr. Kumar is the member of a number of scientific societies, including the American Chemical Society and Material Research Society.
Dr. Ambesh Dixit received his Ph.D. in 2010 at Wayne State University and is Associate Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology at Jodhpur. He has more than 10 years' experience in computational and experimental condensed matter physics, with a special emphasis on the design and development of materials for various applications. His research utilizes bulk three, two, one and zero dimensional nanostructured systems to develop unique materials. He is an expert in multifunctional systems, and was the first to demonstrate that iron vanadate (FeVO4) is a multiferroic system. He is currently working on the development of materials for strategic military applications, such as microwave absorbing materials for stealth, energy conversion using solar photovoltaic and solar thermal process, and energy storage using electrical and thermal approaches. He has co-edited one book and authored several publications in international journals.
Foreword 5
Preface 7
Acknowledgement 10
Contents 11
About the Authors 17
Chapter 1: Historical Perspective of Materials and Contemporary Warfare Technologies 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Historical Perspective of Materials 21
1.2.1 The Stone Age 22
1.2.2 The Bronze Age 24
1.2.3 The Iron Age 25
1.2.4 Medieval Age 26
1.2.5 Early Modern Period 27
1.2.6 Modern Period: Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 29
1.3 History of Defense Technology 30
1.3.1 Weapons of the Stone Age (Prehistoric Times) 32
1.3.2 Weapons of the Bronze Age 32
1.3.2.1 Sumerian Weapons 32
1.3.2.2 Egyptian Weapons 33
1.3.2.3 Indian Weapons 33
1.3.2.4 Assyrian Weapons 33
1.3.2.5 Greek Weapons 34
1.3.2.6 Roman Weapons 34
1.3.2.7 Siege Weapons 34
1.3.3 Weapons of the Iron Age 34
1.3.3.1 Chariots 35
1.3.3.2 Swords, Daggers, and Axe 35
1.3.3.3 Projectile Weapons 35
1.3.3.4 Siege Weapons 36
1.3.3.5 Armor and Shields 36
Japanese Weapons: 36
Indian Weapons: 37
1.3.4 Origin of Firearm Technology 37
1.3.5 Weapons of the Seventeenth Century 38
1.4 Modern Weapons 38
1.4.1 Weapons of the Nineteenth Century 38
1.4.2 Weapons of Twentieth Century to the Present Era 39
1.4.3 Health Care and Nutritious Diets for Troops 42
1.4.4 Industrial and Research and Development Growth 43
1.5 Post–World War II Warfare Technologies 44
1.6 Nanomaterials for Defense 47
References 48
Chapter 2: Nanotechnology: Science and Technology at New Length Scale with Implications in Defense 52
2.1 Introduction 52
2.2 Historical Perspective 53
2.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 56
2.3.1 0D Nanomaterials 57
2.3.2 1D Nanomaterials 57
2.3.3 2D Nanomaterials 58
2.3.4 3D Nanomaterials 58
2.3.5 Classification of Nanomaterials Based on Chemical Composition 59
2.3.5.1 Elemental and Compound/Alloy Metallic Nanomaterials 59
2.3.5.2 Metal Oxides and Mixed Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 60
2.3.6 Important Classes of Nanomaterials 62
2.3.6.1 Quantum Dots 62
2.3.6.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 63
2.3.6.3 Nanomaterials Based on Organic and Biological Materials 67
2.4 Synthesis Strategies of Nanomaterials and Composites 71
2.4.1 Metal Nanoparticles (Al, Ag, and Au) 72
2.4.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 73
2.4.3 Metal Chalcogenide Nanoparticles 74
2.4.4 Metal Carbide Nanoparticles 74
2.4.5 Carbon Nanomaterials 75
2.5 Synthesis of Nanocomposites 77
2.6 Uniquenesses of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 79
2.6.1 Large Surface-to-Volume Ratio 79
2.6.2 Quantum Size Effects 80
2.6.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance 82
2.6.2.2 Electronic Properties (Density of States) 83
2.6.2.3 Magnetic Properties 85
2.6.2.4 Mechanical Properties 86
2.7 Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanomaterials and Their Properties 87
2.8 Applications of Nanotechnology 88
References 92
Chapter 3: Nanotechnology-Driven Explosives and Propellants 97
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Historical Perspective of High-Energy Materials 99
3.3 Energetic Materials 99
3.3.1 Pyrotechnics 99
3.3.2 Propellants 104
3.3.2.1 Solid Propellants 104
3.3.2.2 Liquid Propellants 106
3.3.2.3 Gel Propellants (GPs) 108
3.3.3 Explosives 109
3.3.3.1 Detonation 110
3.3.3.2 Processing of Explosives 117
3.3.3.3 Polymer-Bonded Explosives 117
3.3.4 Nanotechnology in Propellants and Explosives 119
3.3.4.1 Nanometals as Fuel (or Fuel Activator) 120
3.3.4.2 Nanothermites 124
3.3.4.3 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites 126
3.4 Storage and Safe Handling of nEMs 127
References 128
Chapter 4: Nanotechnology-Enabled Management of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats 132
4.1 Introduction 132
4.2 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Definitions 133
4.2.1 Chemical Weapons 133
4.2.2 Biological Weapons 136
4.2.3 Radiological Weapons 136
4.2.4 Improvised Nuclear Device 136
4.3 Management of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear 137
4.3.1 Chemical Warfare Agents 138
4.3.1.1 Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents 139
4.3.1.2 Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of Chemical Warfare Agents Victims 141
4.3.2 Protection Against Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) 142
4.3.2.1 Protective Equipment for Chemical Warfare 142
4.3.3 Decontamination of Chemical Weapon Agents 143
4.4 Biological Warfare Agents 146
4.4.1 Detection Techniques for Biological Warfare Agents 147
4.4.2 Protection from Biological Warfare Agents 150
4.4.3 Decontamination from Biological Warfare Agents 151
4.4.3.1 Chemical Methods 151
4.4.3.2 Physical Methods 152
4.5 Radiological Weapons 152
4.5.1 Detection 153
4.5.2 Protection and Prevention from Radio Dispersive Devices 153
4.5.3 Decontamination 154
4.6 Improvised Nuclear Device 155
4.6.1 Detection of Improvised Nuclear Devices 155
4.6.2 Protection from Improvised Nuclear Devices 157
4.6.3 Decontamination 158
4.7 Nanomaterials-Based Technologies for Management of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Threats 158
4.7.1 Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents 159
4.7.1.1 Detection 159
4.7.1.2 Nanomaterials in Protection and Decontamination from Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents 162
4.7.2 Radiological Dispersive and Improvised Nuclear Devices 163
4.7.2.1 Detection 164
4.7.2.2 Protection and Decontamination 164
References 165
Chapter 5: Camouflage and Stealth Technology Based on Nanomaterials 169
5.1 Introduction 169
5.1.1 Camouflage, Concealment, and Deception 170
5.1.2 Camouflage in Nature 171
5.1.3 History of Military Camouflage 172
5.2 Basic Principles of Camouflage 173
5.2.1 Threat Perception Analysis 174
5.2.1.1 Sensors in VIS-NIR Spectrum 175
5.2.1.2 Infrared Sensors 176
5.2.1.3 UV Sensors 176
5.2.1.4 Acoustic Sensors 177
5.2.1.5 Sonar 177
5.2.1.6 Radar 177
5.2.1.7 RF Sensors 178
5.2.1.8 Multispectral and Hyperspectral Sensors 179
5.3 War Theatres 179
5.3.1 Land 179
5.3.2 Sea 181
5.3.3 Aerospace 181
5.4 Materials for Stealth 181
5.5 CCD Measures and Their Implementation 182
5.5.1 Personal Camouflage 183
5.5.2 Track Discipline 184
5.5.3 Deception 184
5.5.4 Smoke and Liquid Foam 185
5.6 Multispectral Camouflage Nets 186
5.7 Materials for Multispectral Camouflage and Stealth 187
5.7.1 Camouflage in VIS-NIR (400–1200 nm) 188
5.7.2 Camouflage in Thermal Infrared (3–5 and 8–12 ?m) 191
5.7.3 Radar Stealth 193
5.7.3.1 Radar Cross-Section Reduction 194
5.7.4 Radar-Absorbing Materials (RAM) 196
5.7.4.1 Basic Mechanisms of MW Absorption in RAMs 196
5.7.4.2 Classification of RAMs 198
5.7.5 Acoustic Camouflage 200
5.8 Nanomaterials/Nanotechnology for Multispectral Camouflage/Stealth Applications 201
5.8.1 Nanomaterial for Radar-Absorbing Coatings and Structures 202
5.8.1.1 Crystalline Nano RAMs 203
5.8.1.2 Core–Shell Nanocomposite RAMs 203
5.8.1.3 Nanocomposite of Carbon Nanomaterials 204
5.8.1.4 Metallic Thin Films 205
5.8.2 Radar-Absorbing Structures (RAS) 206
5.9 Metamaterials for Multispectral Camouflage/Stealth 208
5.9.1 Invisibility Clocks (Infrared and Microwave) 209
5.9.2 Optical Invisible Clock 210
5.9.3 Infrared Invisible Clock from Non-meta Materials 212
5.10 Adaptive Camouflage 212
References 214
Chapter 6: Nanomaterials-Enabled Lightweight Military Platforms 218
6.1 Introduction 218
6.2 Military Land Platforms 219
6.2.1 Tanks 219
6.2.2 Armored Personnel Carriers 220
6.2.3 Army Trucks 220
6.3 Aerospace Military Platforms 220
6.3.1 Fixed-Wing Aircrafts 224
6.3.2 Rotary-Wing Aircrafts: Helicopter 229
6.4 Naval Platforms 229
6.5 Lightweighting of Military Platforms 230
6.5.1 Low-Density Materials 231
6.5.2 Structural Materials for Military Platform 232
6.6 Composites for Lightweight Military Platforms 234
6.6.1 Land Vehicles 237
6.6.2 Aerial Vehicles 237
6.6.3 Naval Structures 239
6.6.3.1 Submarines 239
6.6.3.2 Patrol Boats 240
6.6.3.3 Mine Counter Measure Vessels [48] 240
6.6.3.4 Components of Naval Ships 240
6.7 Nanocomposites for Structural Applications 241
6.7.1 Tribological and Anticorrosion Coatings 243
6.8 Armor 244
6.8.1 Mechanism for Armor Penetration 245
6.8.2 Technology and Materials for Lightweight Armor for Military Platforms 246
6.8.2.1 Metals 247
6.8.2.2 Ceramic Armor Materials 249
6.9 Nano Armor 252
6.9.1 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 253
6.9.1.1 Carbon Nanotube and Graphene-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites 253
6.9.2 Transparent Armor 255
6.9.2.1 Nanotransparent Armor 257
6.10 Blast-Protecting Armor 259
6.10.1 Polymeric Foams 260
6.10.2 Metal Foam 261
6.10.3 Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams 263
6.10.4 Nanoparticle-Reinforced Foam Composite 263
References 264
Chapter 7: Nanotechnology-Empowered Smart Soldier 268
7.1 Introduction 268
7.2 Historical Perspectives of Soldier’s Weapons and Armor 270
7.2.1 Weapons of Stone Age (250000–3000 BC) 271
7.2.2 Weapons of Bronze Age (3000–1000 BC) 271
7.2.3 Weapons of Iron Age (1200 BC–40 AD) 273
7.2.4 Weapons of Medieval Period (500–1550 AD) 274
7.2.5 Postmedieval Period: Seventeenth–Nineteenth Centuries 276
7.2.6 Soldier’s Arms and Armor: Twentieth Century to the Present 278
7.3 Soldier’s Weight Penalty 280
7.4 Soldier in Modern Era 281
7.4.1 Weapon Systems 281
7.4.1.1 Weapon Sights 282
7.4.1.2 Ammunition 283
7.4.2 Food and Water 283
7.4.3 Personnel Protective Equipment 284
7.4.4 Electronic Equipment 284
7.4.4.1 Communication Equipment 285
7.4.5 Night Vision Device 286
7.4.6 Load-Carrying Equipment 287
7.5 Smart Soldier: Role of Nanotechnology 288
7.5.1 Power Generation 289
7.5.1.1 Movements of the Soldier 290
7.5.1.2 Solar Photovoltaic 291
7.5.1.3 Thermoelectrics 293
7.5.1.4 Batteries: Energy Storage Devices 294
7.5.2 Body Protective Equipment 295
7.5.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Body Armor 295
7.5.2.2 Miscellaneous Nanomaterials for Body Armor 299
7.5.3 Future Soldier 300
7.5.4 Wearable Technology 300
7.5.5 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology for Future Soldier 303
7.5.5.1 Smart Textiles 303
7.5.5.2 Smart Skins 306
7.5.5.3 Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices 307
7.5.5.4 Exoskeleton 307
7.5.6 Dynamic Battle Suit 309
References 310
Chapter 8: Role of Nanotechnology in Futuristic Warfare 314
8.1 Introduction 314
8.2 Contemporary Advancements in Warfare Equipment 316
8.2.1 Precision-Guided Arms 316
8.2.1.1 ADS Amphibious Rifle 316
8.2.1.2 Counter Defilade Target Engagement (CDTE) 317
8.2.1.3 Extreme Accuracy Tasked Ordnance 317
8.2.1.4 Magneto Hydrodynamic Explosive Munitions (MAHEM) 318
8.2.1.5 Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System (MAARS) 318
8.2.1.6 Unmanned Combat Vehicle (UCV) 318
8.2.1.7 Personnel Halting and Stimulation Response (PHASR) Rifle 319
8.2.1.8 Human Universal Load Carrier (HULC) 319
8.2.2 Adaptive Camouflage 319
8.2.3 Long-Range Weapon System: Hypersonic Missile System 321
8.2.4 Directed-Energy Weapons 321
8.2.4.1 Sensors for Directed-Energy Weapons 322
8.2.4.2 High-Power Microwave Weapons 323
8.2.4.3 Laser Weapons 324
8.2.5 Particle Beam Weapons 326
8.3 New Strategies for Futuristic War 326
8.3.1 Artificial Intelligence 327
8.3.2 The Internet of Things 328
8.3.3 Internet of Intelligent Battle Things (IoBT) 328
8.3.3.1 Enemy’s Detection 329
8.3.3.2 Care of Physical and Mental State of a Soldier 330
8.3.3.3 Syncing Soldiers with Weapons Systems and Other Devices 330
8.4 Nanotechnology in a Futuristic Warfare 330
8.4.1 Multipurpose Nanocomputers for Battlefield 331
8.4.2 New Class of Miniaturized Convertible Vehicles and Ships 332
8.4.2.1 Mini Drones for Surveillance 332
8.4.2.2 Nanotechnology-Enabled Corrosion Protection of Naval Vessels 333
8.4.3 Nanomaterials-Enabled Soldiers 333
8.4.3.1 Soldiers’ Body Armors 333
8.4.3.2 Nanoweapons 333
8.4.3.3 Toxic Nanoweapons 334
8.4.3.4 Nanonukes 334
8.4.3.5 Nano Bioweapons 335
8.4.3.6 Nano Drones 335
8.4.4 Nanotechnology-Based Invisibility Clocks 336
8.4.5 Nanotechnology-Enabled Next Generation Cyber Security 337
References 340
Index 343
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 1.11.2019 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XX, 341 p. 157 illus., 134 illus. in color. |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sozialwissenschaften ► Politik / Verwaltung |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| Schlagworte | Camouflage Nanotechnology • CBRN defense • High energy explosives • High energy propellants • Lightweight military armors • Nanotechnology in Defense • Smart Soldier • Stealth Nanotechnology • Threat Detection • Threat Protection |
| ISBN-10 | 3-030-29880-9 / 3030298809 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-030-29880-7 / 9783030298807 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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