The Tough Standard

Ronald F. Levant, EdD, ABPP, is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at The University of Akron; Past President of the American Psychological Association (APA) and APA Division 51; and two-term Editor of APA Division 51's quarterly journal, Psychology of Men & Masculinities. He has developed and evaluated a number of measures designed to assess a variety of gender constructs. Dr. Levant's signature contribution has been in establishing the empirical foundation for the "Normative Male Alexithymia" hypothesis. In addition, he developed Alexithymia Reduction Treatment (ART), a brief psychoeducational intervention designed to remediate normative male alexithymia in order to prepare men to engage more fully in psychotherapy. Shana Pryor, MA, is a doctoral student of Counseling Psychology at The University of Akron. She has spent the majority of her career focusing on issues surrounding men, masculinity, and sexual trauma.

Chapter 1. Masculinity and the Present Cultural Moment
Chapter 2. Theories of Gender and How Masculinity is Measured
Chapter 3. Consequences of Socializing Boys and Requiring Men to Conform to Traditional Masculine Norms
Chapter 4. Summaries of Research on the Outcomes of Endorsing or Conforming to Traditional Masculine Norms or Experiencing Gender Role Conflict
Chapter 5. The Role of Masculinity in Gun and Other Physical Violence
Chapter 6. Masculinity and Sexual Violence
Chapter 7. Masculinity and Men's Physical and Mental Health and Trauma
Chapter 8. Many Masculinities: The Intersectional Perspective
Chapter 9. Paths to Freedom
Coda