Uniquely Okinawan

Courtney A. Short holds a Ph.D. in History from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and specializes in military, American, and Japanese history, as well as race and identity studies.

Introduction | 1

1 Identifying the Enemy: US Army Wartime Occupation Policy | 21

2 US Marine Discipline: Strict Directives in Wartime

Marine Military Government | 32

3 “Japanese” Warriors? Okinawan Preparation for Battle | 45

4 The US Fights Overseas: Americans Charge

toward the Battlefield | 51

5 Having a Say: Okinawan Constructions of Identity | 59

6 Policy into Action: The US Army Hits the Shore | 74

7 Benevolent Captors? Okinawans Encounter the Americans | 90

8 No Initiative: Unbending Policy, Rigid US Marine Action | 102

9 The US Navy Period: Navigating the Transition to Peace | 124

10 New Visions, New Interpretations of Identity:

The Expansion of US Navy Military Government | 140

Conclusion | 155

Acknowledgments | 163

Notes | 167

Bibliography | 223

Index | 237

Photographs follow page 58