Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
About the Book 9
Contents 12
List of Contributors 14
List of Figures 16
List of Tables 18
Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam: Trend and Institutions 23
1 Introduction 23
2 Institutional Background 24
2.1 Social Protection 29
2.2 Health Care 31
2.3 Education 34
2.4 Employment 35
2.5 Credit 36
2.6 Housing and Utilities 38
3 Trends in Rural-Urban Migration 39
4 Migrants´ Contribution to the Places of Destination 43
5 Remittances and Migrants´ Contribution to the Places of Origin 44
6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 46
References 48
Study of Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam: The Survey 53
1 Survey Design, Preparation and Implementation 53
1.1 Objective of the Survey 53
1.2 Survey Design 54
1.3 Survey Training 59
1.4 Calling and Conducting Interviews 59
1.5 Quality Control 59
1.6 Data Entry 60
2 Descriptive Survey Results 60
2.1 Household and Individual Characteristics 60
2.2 Employment 64
2.3 Social Protection and Migrant Workers 70
2.4 Migrants´ Wellbeing: Health Status and Their Ability to Face Problems 75
2.5 Migrants´ Children 77
2.6 Household Income and Expenditure During Migration Period 81
2.7 Housing and Living Conditions 84
3 Concluding Remarks 86
References 88
Internal Migration in Vietnam, 2002-2012 89
1 Introduction 90
2 Migration Choices: A Review of the Literature 92
3 Data 95
3.1 All Migration 95
3.2 Recent Migrants 96
4 Migration Patterns in Vietnam 96
5 Estimating Model 100
6 Estimation Results 102
6.1 Work and Non-work Migration 102
6.2 Choice of Destination 106
6.3 Recent Migrants for Work Purposes 106
7 Conclusions and Policy Discussion 111
Appendix 113
References 116
Migration Duration and Migration Outcomes 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Data and Sample 120
3 Empirical Framework 121
4 Descriptive Analysis 124
5 Empirical Results 127
5.1 Factors Associated with Duration of Migration 127
5.2 The Association of Migration Duration with Outcomes 131
6 Conclusion 134
References 136
Occupational Wage Differential Between Urban Workers and Rural Migrants in Vietnam 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Data 140
3 Traditional Decomposition Methodologies: OAXACA (1973) and Neumark (1988) 146
3.1 Methodologies 146
3.2 Empirical Results 147
4 Occupational Distribution Difference and Decomposition 149
4.1 Methodology: Brown et al. (1980) 149
4.2 Empirical Results 151
5 Conclusions 157
Appendix 158
References 161
Social Networks and Employment Performance: Evidence from Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Literature Review and Institutional Background 165
2.1 Literature Review 165
2.2 Institutional Background 166
3 Data Sources and Description 167
4 Estimating Equations and Empirical Results 169
4.1 OLS Estimates 169
4.2 Identifying the Causal Relationship 172
4.3 Sensitivity Tests 178
5 Conclusion 181
Appendix 181
References 183
Rural-Urban Migration and Remittances in Vietnam: Evidence from Migrant Tracer Data 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Data and Descriptive Statistics 189
3 Determinants of Remittances 194
3.1 Empirical Framework 194
3.2 Explanatory Variables and Sample Size 195
3.3 Results 197
4 Impacts of Remittances on Origin Households 201
4.1 Theoretical Impacts 201
4.2 Empirical Framework, Explanatory Variables, and Sample Size 202
4.3 Results 203
5 Concluding Remarks 205
References 206
Differences in Consumption Patterns Between Urban and Rural Migrant Households in Vietnam 208
1 Introduction 208
2 Literature 210
3 Data and Descriptive Statistics 211
4 Methodology 215
4.1 OLS Regression 215
4.2 Quantile Regression 216
5 Empirical Results 216
5.1 OLS Estimates 216
5.2 Potential Drivers of the Consumption Gap 218
5.3 Quantiles Regression 219
5.4 Robustness Check 220
6 Conclusion 220
Appendix 222
References 228
Housing Gaps Between Rural-Urban Migrants and Local Urban Residents: The Case of Vietnam 230
1 Introduction 231
2 Data and Definitions 235
3 Methodology 237
3.1 A Measurement of the Housing Condition Index 237
3.2 Model Specification 239
3.3 Decomposition of the Housing Ownership and Housing Condition Gap 242
4 Housing and Household Characteristics: Differences Between Rural Migrants and Urban Locals 244
4.1 Housing Gap Between Rural Migrants and Urban Locals 244
4.2 Household Characteristics Gap Between Rural Migrants and Urban Locals 246
5 Empirical Findings 250
5.1 Associations of Homeownership and Housing Quality 250
5.2 Housing Gap Decomposition 255
5.2.1 Homeownership Gap Decomposition 255
5.2.2 Housing Quality Gap Decomposition 257
6 Conclusion 259
References 260
The Children of Migrants and Their Schooling 263
1 Introduction 263
2 The 2013 Law on Residence and the Household Registration System in Vietnam 265
3 Previous Studies on Migrant Workers and Children 267
4 The Children of VRUMS2013 270
4.1 Schooling of VRUMS Children 272
4.2 Children Out of School 274
4.3 Financing of Children´s Education 275
5 Conclusions 276
Appendices 277
Appendix 1: 2013 Law on Residence-Revisions from 2007 277
Appendix 2: Decree 35 on the Enforcement of the 2013 Law on Residence 279
Appendix 3: The 2009 Housing Law 280
Appendix 4: Determinants of Child Welfare Analysis 281
References 283
Public Resources on Legal Documents 283
Conclusion 284
References 288