Studies in the Sociology of Population (eBook)

Jon Anson studied Sociology in Leeds, Social Work at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and received his PhD in Sociology / Demography from Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. From 1985 to his retirement in 2016 he was a faculty member in the Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. His research interests focus on social demography, with a special emphasis on Israeli demography and the reasons for its particularly high level of fertility, and on the social conditions for premature and delayed mortality. Walter Bartl studied sociology and political science at the University of Potsdam and Lancaster University. In 2010 he received his PhD from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. Since 2005 he has been working as a research associate at the Institute of Sociology at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. His research interests include societal responses to demographic change, the use of numbers in politics, governance of education and the sociology of organizations and labour markets. Andrzej Kulczycki, MSc, PhD, links public health with the social, behavioural and policy sciences, works both domestically and internationally, and has experience with multiple methodological approaches. His research focuses on aspects of reproductive health, demography, maternal and child health, health systems, programs and policies, and research methods. He has served as Chair of the Population, Reproductive and Sexual Health section of the American Public Health Association, and on several CDC working groups on infertility. He has taught courses in reproductive health, demography, population studies, maternal and child health, research methods, and health programs and policies. He has also developed curricula in all these fields. Earlier, he was a faculty member at the American University of Beirut and a research associate at the University of Michigan, where he completed his doctorate. He also holds degrees from the Universities of London and Durham.

Contents 6
Contributors 8
1 Roots and Fruits of Population Growth and Social Structures: Demographic and Sociological Vistas 10
Abstract 10
1.1 The Sociology-Demography Gap 11
1.2 The Growth of Population 12
1.2.1 A Demographic Transition 14
1.2.2 Distribution of World Population Growth 17
1.3 The Unresolved Problem of Inequality 19
1.4 Two Approaches to Population and Society: Malthus Versus Marx 21
1.5 The Structure and Contents of the Book 24
1.6 Two Contrasting Emerging Themes: Fertility Decline in Africa and Regional Depopulation in Developed Countries 27
1.6.1 Africa’s Slow Fertility Decline and Evolving Epidemiological Transition 27
1.6.2 Coping with Regional Depopulation in Many Developed Countries 28
1.7 Conclusions 29
References 30
Demography and Social Structure 34
2 The Demographic Transition in the Nasa-Indigenous and Black Populations of Northern Cauca (Colombia) 35
Abstract 35
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Methods and Data 38
2.3 Comparison of National Fertility Patterns 39
2.3.1 Indigenous Populations’ Total Fertility 39
2.3.2 Total Fertility of the Black Populations 43
2.3.3 A First Comparative Analysis of the Two Minority Populations 45
2.3.4 Updated Fertility Estimates for Colombia 45
2.4 Evolution of Socio-Demographic Indicators of Black and Nasa-Indigenous Municipalities in Northern Cauca 46
2.4.1 Changes in Living Conditions and Sociodemographic Variables: The Role of Education, the Increases in Health Coverage, and the Reductions of Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) 48
2.4.2 Recent Changes in the Demographic and Socio-Economic Indicators of the Nasa-Indigenous Population, in the Municipalities of Northern Cauca and Cali 49
2.4.3 A Comparison of Nasa-Indigenous and Black People TF with Indigenous TF in Developed Countries 51
2.4.4 Changes in the Recent Reproductive Patterns, Observed Through an Indirect Indicator Comparing the Northern Cauca Municipalities of Nasa-Indigenous and Black Populations 52
2.5 Discussion 54
Acknowledgments 56
Annex 56
References 59
3 Intermarriage and Assimilation Among Arabs in the United States: Estimates, Causes, and Trends, 1990–2010 62
Abstract 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Background 63
3.2.1 Arab Immigration to the United States in Historical Perspective 63
3.2.2 Current Status of Arab Americans 64
3.3 Intermarriage in the U.S. 66
3.3.1 Assimilation Theory 66
3.3.2 Ethnic and Racial Intermarriage Patterns Among the U.S.-Born and Immigrants 67
3.3.3 Theoretical Perspectives 68
3.4 Data and Methods 69
3.5 Results 70
3.5.1 Descriptive Findings 70
3.5.2 Multivariate Findings 73
3.6 Discussion and Conclusions 76
References 77
4 Occupational Classes of Immigrants and Their Descendants in East Germany 80
Abstract 80
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Immigration in East Germany 81
4.3 Occupational Integration of Immigrants 84
4.3.1 First-Generation Immigrants 85
4.3.2 Second-Generation Immigrants 87
4.4 Data and Methods 89
4.5 Results 92
4.6 Conclusion 107
Acknowledgements 109
References 109
5 Violence, Firearms and Life Expectancy in Mexico 113
Abstract 113
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 Methodological Aspects 115
5.3 Results 117
5.3.1 Firearms-Related Mortality and Life Expectancy in Mexico: A National Level Analysis 117
5.3.2 Male Mortality by Firearms and Life Expectancy: Socio-geographical Variations 122
5.3.3 Firearms Related Deaths and Life Expectancy in Context: What Can Be Done? 132
5.4 Conclusions 136
References 136
Population Structure 140
6 Sex Ratios in Old Age: Comparing Countries in Middle Eastern Asia to East and Southeast Asia 141
Abstract 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Literature Review 142
6.3 Potential Explanatory Factors 146
6.4 Data and Methods 147
6.5 Results 149
6.6 Discussion 154
6.7 Conclusion 159
References 160
7 From Ageing-Driven Growth Towards the Ending of Growth. Subnational Population Trends in New Zealand 164
Abstract 164
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Data and Methodological Notes 168
7.3 A Brief Background to New Zealand 169
7.4 New Zealand’s Towns and Rural Centres, 1976–2013 173
7.5 Correlations and Explanatory Variables 181
7.6 Projections 184
7.7 Summary and Discussion 190
Acknowledgments 193
Appendix 1: Definition of Geographic Spatial Units Referred to in this Paper 193
Appendix 2 194
References 195
8 Natural Decrease in Semi-peripheral Nations: County-Level Analyses of Mexico and Turkey 197
Abstract 197
8.1 Introduction 198
8.2 Literature Review: Natural Decrease 199
8.3 Case Study 1: Mexico 201
8.3.1 Overview 201
8.3.2 Demographic Trends in Mexico 202
8.3.3 The Demographic Transition in Mexico and Its Causes 205
8.3.4 Data 207
8.3.5 Variables 207
8.3.6 Results 209
8.3.7 Subnational Natural Decrease 210
8.3.8 Multivariate Analysis 211
8.3.9 Discussion 211
8.4 Case Study 2: Turkey 212
8.4.1 Overview 212
8.4.2 Demographic Trends in Turkey 213
8.5 Methods 215
8.5.1 Natural Increase and Near Natural Decrease in Turkey 216
8.5.2 Results 218
8.5.3 Discussion 219
8.6 Conclusion 221
References 222
9 From Topic to Problem: Organisational Mechanisms of Constructing Demographic Change 226
Abstract 226
9.1 Introduction: Demographic Change as a Non-instructive Problem for Organisations 226
9.2 The Organisational Construction of Demographic Change: Towards a General Heuristic Model 229
9.2.1 Organisational Gateways for Topics 230
9.2.2 Catalysts for Problematizing: The Factual Dimension 231
9.3 Data, Methods, and Case Selection 232
9.4 Empirical Findings 234
9.4.1 Gateways: (How) Does Demographic Change Attract Organisational Attention? 234
9.4.2 Multiple Constructs: Intra-organisational and Thematic Differences 238
9.4.3 Questioned Relevance. The Precarious Status of Demography-Related Problems 242
9.5 Discussion 244
9.6 Conclusion 246
Appendix 248
References 249
Social Policy 252
10 Minorities in Spanish Secondary Education: School Segregation, Between Reality and Official Statistics 253
Abstract 253
10.1 Introduction 253
10.2 Method 256
10.3 The Research Context 257
10.4 Consequences of Statistical Deficiencies 258
10.5 Ethnic and Geographical Origins and Aspirations of Secondary School Students 260
10.5.1 Survey Coverage 260
10.5.2 Students Composition According to Origin 261
10.5.3 Distribution of Students by Origin, Ethnicity, Gender and School Year 264
10.5.4 Students’ Future Aspirations (ESO) 266
10.6 Conclusions 268
10.7 Limitations of This Study 271
References 271
11 Small School Closures in Rural Areas—The Beginning or the End of a Downward Spiral? Some Evidence from Austria 275
Abstract 275
11.1 Introduction 276
11.2 Current State of Research 277
11.3 Research Design and Data Used 281
11.3.1 Sampling 281
11.3.2 Periodisation and Data Used 283
11.4 Results 284
11.4.1 Demographic Trends 284
11.4.2 Economic Trends 289
11.4.3 Subsequent Use of the Former School Building 292
11.5 Synthetic Analysis 294
11.6 Discussion and Conclusions 295
References 297
12 Maternal Outcomes in the Context of Free Maternal Healthcare Provisioning in North Central and South Western Nigeria 301
Abstract 301
12.1 Introduction 301
12.2 Literature Review 302
12.2.1 User Fee Removal and Utilisation of Facility Deliveries 303
12.2.2 Free Maternal Healthcare and Inequality in Access to Maternal Healthcare 303
12.2.3 Free Maternal Healthcare and Maternal Mortality 304
12.2.4 Effects of Free Maternal Healthcare on Health System Performance 304
12.3 Methods 305
12.4 Results 307
12.4.1 Background Characteristics of Participants 307
12.4.2 Free Healthcare and Health System Performance 308
12.4.3 Perceptions of Free Maternal Health 308
12.4.4 Perceptions of Quality of Services Under Free Maternal Healthcare 309
12.4.5 Free Healthcare and Maternal Mortality 309
12.4.6 Free Maternal Healthcare and Use of Maternal Health Services 310
12.4.7 Free Maternal Health Care and Inequality in Access to Maternal Health Care 310
12.5 Discussion 312
12.6 Conclusion 314
References 315
13 The Association Between Household and Community Single Motherhood and Adolescent Pregnancy in South Africa 319
Abstract 319
13.1 Introduction 320
13.2 Contextual Overview of Kinship Relationships Sub-nationally in South Africa 322
13.3 Data Source and Methods 323
13.3.1 Study Variables 323
13.3.2 Analysis 325
13.4 Results 326
13.4.1 Multilevel Modelling Results 330
13.5 Discussion 336
13.6 Conclusion 339
References 340
14 Tobacco Use Among Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Family Structure Matter? 343
Abstract 343
14.1 Introduction 344
14.2 Family and Health-Related Behaviour 345
14.3 Men and Risky Health-Related Behaviour 346
14.4 The Current Study 347
14.5 Data and Methods 348
14.6 Results 349
14.6.1 Description of the Study Population 349
14.6.2 Trend in Prevalence of Tobacco Use Among the Study Population 352
14.6.3 Family Structure and Tobacco Use 352
14.7 Discussion 355
14.7.1 Limitations of the Study 357
14.8 Conclusions 358
Acknowledgements 359
References 359
Author Index 362
Subject Index 373