International Perspectives on Cyberbullying (eBook)

Anna Costanza Baldry is Professor of Social and Forensic Psychology at the Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy. Catherine Blaya is Professor of Education Science at Lausanne University of Teacher Education, Switzerland, and Chair of the International Observatory of Violence in Schools.David P. Farrington, OBE, is Emeritus Professor of Psychological Criminology at the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University, UK.

Foreword 7
Preface 10
Contents 12
List of Authors 15
List of Tables 18
Part I: Cyberbullying, Cybervictimization and Risk Factors 20
1: Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization 21
Definition, Nature, and Prevalence 21
An International Perspective 23
Risk and Protective Factors for Cyberbullying 32
Assessing Threats 33
A Risk and Needs Assessment Approach 34
References 35
2: The TABBY Online Project: The Threat Assessment of Bullying Behaviours Online Approach 42
The TABBY Project: Aims and Rationale 42
Components of the TABBY Program 45
References 52
Part II: International Perspectives on Cyberbullying 54
3: Cyberbullying in Canada 55
Cyberbullying in Canada 55
The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in Canada 56
Differences in Prevalence Due to Sample Characteristics 57
Age 57
Gender 60
Urban or Rural Location 61
Differences in Prevalence Due to Study Methodology 61
Time Period of Reporting 61
Response Rate and Method of Sampling 62
Providing a Definition of Cyberbullying 62
Other Considerations Related to Cyberbullying Prevalence 63
Stability Over Time 63
Involvement in Both Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization 64
Type of Cyberbullying 64
Risk and Protective Factors 65
Individual-Level Risk and Protective Factors 65
Internet-Use Characteristics 65
Demographic Variables 68
Socio-emotional and Behavioral Variables 69
Other Individual-Level Factors 70
Risk and Protective Factors Associated with the Family 70
Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Peers and School 71
Neighborhood and Societal-Level Risk and Protective Factors 72
Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization Intervention Programs 73
Conclusion 75
References 77
4: Cyberbullying in the United States 80
Introduction 80
Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in the United States 81
Issues in Reporting the Prevalence Rate of Cyberbullying 82
Theories Explaining Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization 83
Factors Associated with Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization 86
Risk Factors 86
Protective Factors 87
Are the Factors Associated with Face-to-Face Bullying and Cyberbullying Similar? 90
Prevention and Intervention Approaches and Programs 91
Legal and Policy Considerations in the United States 91
Online Resources/Guidance for Youth, Parents, Teachers, and Administrators 93
Students’ and Educators’ Awareness, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Cyberbullying 94
School-Based Programs 95
Summary and Future Directions 103
References 104
5: Cyberbullying in the United Kingdom and Ireland 115
Introduction 115
Cyberbullying in the United Kingdom and Ireland 118
Prevalence of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization 133
Measuring Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization 136
Risk Factors 141
Cyberbullying Intervention and Prevention 148
Conclusions 150
References 151
Part III: The Implementation of the EU Project for Risk Assessment of Cyberbullying: The TABBY Project 158
6: Cyberbullying in Cyprus 159
The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in Cyprus 159
Implementation of the Threat Assessment of Bullying Behaviour in Youngsters (TABBY) Project 162
The Present Study 164
Participants and Their Digital Uses 164
Procedure 165
Measures 165
Findings 167
Prevalence of School Bullying and Cyberbullying 167
Risk and Protective Factors 169
Conclusions 174
Policy Implications and Recommendations 176
References 179
7: Cyberbullying in France 181
The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in France 181
The TABBY Project (Threat Assessment of Bullying Behaviour in Youngsters) 183
The Present Study 184
Participants and Their Digital Uses 184
Procedure 184
Measures 186
Findings 186
Prevalence of School Bullying and Cyberbullying 186
Risk and Protective Factors 189
Conclusions and Policy Implications for France 193
References 196
8: Cyberbullying in Greece 200
The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in Greece 200
The TABBY Project (Threat Assessment of Bullying Behaviour in Youngsters) 201
The Present Study 202
Participants and Their Digital Use 202
Procedure 202
Measures 204
Findings 204
Prevalence of School Bullying and Cyberbullying 204
Risk and Protective Factors 205
Conclusions and Policy Implications for Greece 207
Minors’ Legal Responsibility for Cyberbullying and Other Offences 207
Teachers’ Responsibilities 212
Policy Implications and Recommendations 213
References 214
9: Cyberbullying in Hungary 216
The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in Hungary 216
The TABBY Project (Threat Assessment of Bullying Behaviour in Youngsters) 219
The Present Study 221
Participants and Their Digital Uses 221
Procedure 221
Measures 223
Findings 224
Prevalence of School Bullying and Cyberbullying 224
Risk and Protective Factors 227
Conclusions and Policy Implications for Hungary 232
Minors’ Legal Responsibility for Cyberbullying and Other Offences 232
Teachers’ Duties 234
Policy Implications and Recommendations 235
References 238
10: Cyberbullying in Italy 241
The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in Italy 241
Implementation of the Tabby Project (Threat Assessment of Bullying Behaviour in Youth) 242
The Present Study 244
Participants and their Digital Activities 244
Procedure 244
Measures 246
Findings 246
Prevalence of School Bullying and Cyberbullying 246
Risk and Protective Factors 249
Conclusions and Policy Implications for Italy 251
Minors’ Legal Responsibility for Cyberbullying and Other Offences 251
The Italian Anti-cyberbullying Law 253
Teachers’ Duties 254
Policy Recommendation for Italy 256
References 258
11: Cyberbullying in Spain 260
The Prevalence of Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in Spain 260
The Present Study 262
Participants and Digital Uses 262
Procedure 263
Measures 264
Findings 265
Prevalence of School Bullying and Cyberbullying 265
Risk and Protective Factors 267
Conclusions and Policy Implications in Spain 272
Legal Responsibility of Minors in Cyberbullying and Other Offenses 272
Teachers’ Duties 274
References 276
Part IV: Conclusions 278
12: Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 279
Italy: What to Do 282
Greece: What to Do 283
Hungary: What to Do 285
France: What to Do 287
Spain: What to Do 288
Cyprus: What to Do 290
UK and Ireland: What to Do 291
Canada: What to Do 292
USA: What to Do 294
Conclusions 295
References 300
Index 332