Introduction to Social Systems Engineering (eBook)

Huijiong Wang has 33 years of working experience in the design, planning and operation of electrical power systems (generation, transmission, distribution and utilization) in China. His last position in the engineering field was Deputy Chief Engineer of the Bureau of Electricity, Yunnan Province. He published a book titled Introduction to Systems Engineering (Chinese Version: two volumes) in the 1980s.He became a senior research fellow of the Chinese Academy of Social Science through open examination in 1980, and served as a consultant at UNIDO in 1981. Later, he was transferred to the newly established Techno-Economic Research Center (which later became the Development Research Center) of the State Council and became one of the leading group members. He has spearheaded several major national and international projects, such as Comprehensive Planning of ShanXi Heavy Chemical and Energy basis 1980-2000, China by the Year 2000 (National First Class S&T Progress Award 1988), Industrial Restructuring and Industrial Policies (A joint research project with the World Book), and Integrated Study of China’s Development and Reform (A grant from the UNDP (ca. 3 million USD) from 1988-1991). He has been Vice President of the DRC Academic Committee since the 1990s. He has also served as a local consultant to the World Bank, ADB, ESCAP, OECD etc.Professor Shantong Li is a Senior Research Fellow and former Director General of the Department of Development Strategy and Regional Economy of Development Research Center (DRC) of the State Council (People’s Republic of China). She was a member of the National Committee of CPPCC (Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference) and currently holds professorships at both Peking University and Tsinghua University. Professor Li has participated in numerous joint development projects with the World Bank, UNDP, UNIDO, OECD and the ADB. She has conducted systematic research on issues concerning China’s medium-term and long-term development, with a particular focus on regional economic and social development. Among many of her accomplishments Professor Li has contributed to the Development Strategy and Policies for 13th Five-Year Plan and towards 2030.  She has created an applicable CGE model, the DRC-CGE model of China, and has also trained a team of scholars working in this field. This model has been applied in many research projects both domestically and abroad. She won the Fudan Management Excellence Award in 2014. She is Director of the project “Urbanization development path selection and management research of China in the new stage, key project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China” (project no. 71133003) and also joined the project “Sustainable Urbanisation in China: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, Mega-trends towards 2050” (EU Project Number FP7－266941).

Foreword I 5
Foreword II 5
Preface 10
Acknowledgements 16
Contents 17
Emergence of Social Systems Engineering (SSE) 26
1 Overview 27
1.1 Introduction 27
1.2 Social System and Social Systems Engineering 28
1.2.1 Exploration of Social System and SSE Before the 20th Century 28
1.2.2 Exploration of Social System in the 20th Century 29
1.2.2.1 Exploration by Sociologists 29
1.2.2.2 Exploration by System Scientists and Electrical Engineers 30
1.2.3 Exploration of SSE in the 20th Century 33
1.2.3.1 Exploration by Universities in Japan 33
1.2.3.2 Exploration by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 33
1.2.4 Exploration of Social System in the 21st Century 34
1.2.4.1 Human Ecology-Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development by Marten (2001) 34
1.2.4.2 The Handbook of Economic Sociology (2nd Ed.) by Smelser and Swedberg (2005) 35
1.2.4.3 Systems Thinking for Social Change by Stroh (2015) 35
1.2.5 Exploration of SSE in the 21st Century 36
1.2.5.1 Book Publications About SSE 36
1.2.5.2 Description of Social-Systems Approach 38
1.2.5.3 Description of Social Engineering 39
1.3 Social Systems Engineering 40
1.3.1 Necessity of Developing SSE. Two Aspects Necessitate the Development of SSE 40
1.3.1.1 Necessity to Promote and Improve the Development of Human Society 40
1.3.1.2 Necessity for Advancement in Education System to Train Qualified Personnel 42
1.3.2 Time Is Ripe for Development of SSE 43
1.3.2.1 There Is an Urgent Demand for the Development of SSE 43
1.3.2.2 The Scope of Study of SSE is Basically Defined and Practiced 43
1.3.2.3 Some Difficulties in SSE are Resolved and Some are Being Explored 44
1.4 Exploration of Definition of Social Systems Engineering 45
1.4.1 Current State 45
1.4.1.1 Definition of Social System Engineering by Oosawa (2007) 45
1.4.1.2 Definition of SSE by Yang and Li (2008) 46
1.4.2 Definition of SSE Given in This Book 47
1.4.2.1 Principal Underlining the Definition 47
1.4.2.2 Components of SSE 47
1.4.2.3 Definition of SSE Given in This Book 49
1.4.2.4 Explanation of the SSE Definition 49
1.4.2.5 Qualifications for a Social System Engineer 50
1.5 Content Structure of This Book 50
References 52
2 General Systems Theory and Systems Engineering 54
2.1 Science, Technology (S& T) and Society
2.1.1 54
2.1.1.1 The Higher Economic Growth Performance Since the First Industrial Revolution 54
2.1.1.2 The Role of S& T in Economic Development
2.1.2 Major Events in the History of Science and Technology (S& T)
2.1.2.1 Science Before There Were Scientists: 2,400,000–599 BC 58
2.1.2.2 Greek and Hellenistic Science 600 BC–529 AD 59
2.1.2.3 Medieval Science 530–1452 60
2.1.2.4 The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution 1453–1659 61
2.1.2.5 The Newtonian Epoch 1660–1734 62
2.1.2.6 The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution 1735–1819 63
2.1.2.7 Nineteenth-Century Science 1820–1894 64
2.1.2.8 Science in the 20th Century Through Two World Wars 1895–1945 68
2.1.2.9 Summarized Tables of History of Growth of Science and Technology 70
2.2 Rise and Development of General Systems Theory 72
2.2.1 Rise of General Systems Theory 72
2.2.1.1 Trends of Science in the Early 20th Century 72
2.2.1.2 Rise of General Systems Theory 72
2.2.2 Systems and Key Concepts of General Systems Theory 73
2.2.2.1 Definition of Systems 73
2.2.2.2 Nature of Structure of Systems and Its Classification 76
2.2.2.3 Key Concepts of General Systems Theory 78
2.2.3 Evolution of General Systems Theory 84
2.2.3.1 The General Living Systems Theory by Miller, J. G. 85
2.2.3.2 Bowen and Family Systems Theory 86
2.2.3.3 Powers and the Control Theory 87
2.2.3.4 Taylor and the Geopolitical Systems Model 88
2.2.3.5 Comment: Taylor’s Study Is Quoted because of Two Reasons 90
2.2.4 Application of General Systems Theory 90
2.2.4.1 General 90
2.2.4.2 Application of GST to Social Science and Planning 91
2.3 Rise and Development of Systems Engineering (SE) 92
2.3.1 History of Formation of Systems Engineering and Its Definitions 92
2.3.1.1 History of Formation of Systems Engineering 92
2.3.1.2 Definitions of Systems Engineering 95
2.3.2 Development of Systems Engineering 97
2.3.2.1 Introduction of Major Content of Systems Engineering Handbook Version 3.1 of INCOSE 97
2.3.2.2 Systems Engineering to Be a General Design Engineering 99
2.3.2.3 Explore the Concept of General Design Engineering from “Hard” Systems Theory to “Soft” Systems Theory 99
2.3.3 Systems Engineering and Concepts Related to General Systems Theory in Ancient China 101
2.3.3.1 Systems Engineering in China 101
2.3.3.2 Exploration of General Systems Theory in Ancient China 102
2.4 Summary Points 103
References 106
3 Social Science and the Social System 107
3.1 Definition of Social Science and Its Development 107
3.1.1 Definition of Social Science and Its Scope of Study 107
3.1.1.1 Definition and Scope of Social Science 107
3.1.1.2 Debate on the Term of Social Science Between Sociologists 108
3.1.2 Development of Social Studies and Social Science Before the 20th Century 108
3.1.2.1 Development of Social Studies in China 108
3.1.2.2 Development of Social Studies in Western Countries 116
3.2 Development of Social Science in 20th Century and Emergence of the Concept of a Social System 123
3.2.1 Development of Social Science in 20th Century 123
3.2.2 Development of Social Science Since the 20th Century 124
3.2.2.1 Three Major Thoughts Effect the Development of Social Science in the 20th Century 124
3.2.2.2 Development of New Theory and Method 125
3.3 Behavior of Individual and Groups, and Their Relations with the Social Environment 129
3.3.1 Personality of Individual and the Human Behavior 129
3.3.1.1 Necessity to Study Personality 129
3.3.1.2 Definition of Personality and Theories of its Development 129
3.3.1.3 Two Schools of Thoughts of Personality and Their Core Concepts 132
3.3.1.4 Group Dynamics 136
3.3.2 Human Behavior and Social Environment 137
3.3.2.1 Limits of One Dimensional or Single View Approach 138
3.3.2.2 A Multidimensional Perspective of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 138
3.4 Social System and Parsons’ AGIL Framework of System of Action 141
3.4.1 Discussion of Definition of Social Systems and Theory of Its Development of Social Systems Theory 141
3.4.1.1 Definition of Social System 141
3.4.1.2 Development of Social Systems Theory and Brief Introduction of Two Publications on “Social System” 142
3.4.1.3 Discussions 144
3.4.2 Parsons Framework of a System of Action—The AGIL Framework 144
3.4.2.1 Original Framework of Parsons 144
3.4.2.2 Revised AGIL Framework of Parsons’ A System of Action 147
3.5 Summary Points 149
References 150
4 Development of Social Systems Engineering 153
4.1 Development of “Social Systems Engineering” in International Society 153
4.1.1 Academic Development of Social Systems Engineering in the United States and Japan 153
4.1.1.1 Development of Social Systems Engineering in the United States 153
4.1.1.2 Development of Academic Education in Japan on Social System Engineering 156
4.1.2 Discussion of Development of Theory and Practice of Social Systems Engineering 158
4.1.2.1 Comparison of Academic Studies Between the United States and Japan 158
4.1.2.2 Development of a National Planning System is Effected by Politics in Western Countries 159
4.1.3 Current Status of Development of Social Systems Engineering 162
4.1.3.1 Social Systems Engineering Is in the Process of Development, but There Are Barriers that Exist at the Country Level 162
4.1.3.2 Planning in the UN and Its Related Organizations Have Provided Conditions of Development of Social Systems Engineering 163
4.2 Planning and Design of Social Systems Engineering 163
4.2.1 General Discussion of Planning and Design of Social Systems Engineering 163
4.2.1.1 Planning 164
4.2.1.2 Design 164
4.2.1.3 The Difference Between Planning and Design 164
4.2.2 Design in a Changing World 165
4.2.2.1 Definitions of Design 165
4.2.2.2 Evolution of Design 166
4.3 Nation as Large Scale Social Systems Engineering—Three Case Studies 172
4.3.1 Case Study 1 of Nations as Large Scale Systems Studied by Harold Chestnut 172
4.3.1.1 General 172
4.3.1.2 Features and Outline of the Paper 172
4.3.1.3 Abstracts of Part 1 of the Paper 172
4.3.1.4 Abstract of Part 2 of the Paper 178
4.3.2 Case Study 2 of China Towards the Year 2000 181
4.3.2.1 General 181
4.3.2.2 An Overall Introduction to the Study “China Towards the Year 2000” 182
4.3.2.3 Foreign Trade of China and International Comparison of Similar Projects 198
4.3.2.4 Overall Quantitative Analysis of China’s Economy Towards 2000 203
4.3.2.5 Features of This Case Study 207
4.3.2.6 Conclusions from Theoretical Side 210
4.3.3 Case Study 3 Integrated Economic Development Policies and Planning 211
4.3.3.1 General 211
4.3.3.2 Research Content and Reports 213
4.3.3.3 Appraisal of the Project from Experts Abroad 215
4.3.3.4 Lessons and Experiences 220
4.4 Summary Points 221
References 222
Outline of Social Systems Engineering (SSE) 224
5 Methodology and Principle of Planning of Social Systems Engineering 225
5.1 Introduction 225
5.2 Definition of Methodology and Meaning of Its Study 225
5.2.1 Definition of Methodology 225
5.2.2 Meaning of Study of Methodology 226
5.2.3 Exploration and Comments of Hall’s “Three Dimensional Morphology of Systems Engineering” 227
5.2.3.1 A. D. Hall of Bell Labs 227
5.2.3.2 Dimensions of Systems Engineering 227
5.2.3.3 Comments 227
5.2.4 Modified Hall’s Three Dimensional Morphology of Social Systems Engineering 229
5.2.4.1 Morphology of Social Systems Engineering and its Activity Matrix 230
5.2.4.2 Morphology Box for Social Systems Engineering 230
5.2.5 Methodology Provided by John N. Warfield 231
5.2.5.1 John N. Warfield 231
5.2.5.2 Societal Systems: Planning, Policy and Complexity 232
5.2.5.3 Several selected Points of this Book 233
5.3 Further Exploration of TOTOS—Case Study: Expo 2000 OECD Forum for the Future 236
5.3.1 Mankind Has a Recorded History of More Than Several Millennia, with Many Complex Problems Faced by Policy and Decision Makers 236
5.3.2 Case Study: Expo 2000 OECD Forum for Future 236
5.3.2.1 Expo 2000 in Hannover and OECD Forum for Future 236
5.3.2.2 Detail Process of Study of the First Theme-Technology 237
5.3.2.3 Successive Conferences of EXPO 2000 OECD Forum for the Future and Outputs 239
5.3.2.4 What Lessons and Experiences can be Learnt from this Case Study 241
5.4 Systems Engineering Logic 243
5.4.1 General 243
5.4.2 Induction and Deduction 243
5.4.2.1 Induction 243
5.4.2.2 Induction and Classification 243
5.4.2.3 Classification 245
5.4.3 Deduction and Analogy 245
5.4.3.1 Deduction 245
5.4.3.2 Principle of Analogy to Be Applied in Transport System of Goods in Analogy with Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law 246
5.4.3.3 Principle of Analogy to be Applied in Explanation of Reform of Economic System 246
5.4.4 Synthesis and Analysis 247
5.4.4.1 Discussion of Relationship Between Synthesis and Analysis 247
5.4.4.2 Some Discussions of Synthesis 248
5.4.4.3 Analysis 248
5.4.4.4 Several Principles Related to Analysis and Synthesis 249
5.4.5 Cause and Outcome 249
5.4.6 Other Engineering Logic 251
5.4.6.1 Occasionality and Inevitability 251
5.4.6.2 Qualitative Analysis Through Comparison 252
5.5 Principle of Planning Based upon Social Systems Engineering 252
5.5.1 General 252
5.5.2 Three Basic Frameworks of National Planning 255
5.5.2.1 Basic Framework of National Planning 256
5.5.2.2 An Integrated Framework of Systems of National Planning (Framework II) 257
5.5.2.3 Third Integrated Framework of Systems of National Planning (III) 259
5.5.3 Three Systems Models 263
5.5.3.1 General 263
5.5.3.2 Information related to T-21 World Model and National Model 264
5.6 Summary Points 265
References 267
6 Indicators, Models and Mathematical Modeling 269
6.1 Introduction 269
6.2 Indicators 270
6.2.1 Definition of Indicator and Its Formulation 270
6.2.1.1 Definitions of Indicator 270
6.2.1.2 Formulation of Indicators 270
6.2.2 Case Study Preparation of Indicators of Sustainable Development by United Nations 271
6.2.2.1 Background of This Case 271
6.2.2.2 Programme of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) of UN 272
6.2.2.3 Framework Based on Pressure, State and Response 272
6.2.2.4 Revised Framework Based on Themes, and Subthemes 273
6.2.2.5 Later Work 276
6.2.2.6 World Development Indicators 2016 278
6.2.3 The National Competiveness Indicators-Developed by the Business School IMD 279
6.2.3.1 Introduction 279
6.2.3.2 The Design Framework of National Competitiveness 279
6.2.3.3 The Organization of the Indicator 280
6.2.3.4 Activities Done by Other Institutions with Similar Nature 280
6.3 Models 281
6.3.1 General Discussion of Model 281
6.3.1.1 Basic Nature of the Model 281
6.3.1.2 Classification of Models 281
6.3.2 Difficulties of Modeling Social Systems Engineering 283
6.4 Mathematic Modeling 283
6.4.1 Application of Mathematics in Social Science 283
6.4.1.1 Mathematics and Social Science 283
6.4.1.2 Development and Application of Mathematical Model in the Economic Field of Western Countries 285
6.4.1.3 Promotion of Development of Mathematical Model by International Organizations 287
6.4.2 Development of Mathematical Modeling of Social Since in China 288
6.4.2.1 General 288
6.4.2.2 Development of Research Institutions 288
6.5 Several Decades of Experience of Policy Modeling of DRC 289
6.5.1 Retrospect and Experience of Development of Policy Model 289
6.5.1.1 Introduction 289
6.5.1.2 A Retrospect of Policy Modeling of DRC 289
6.5.1.3 Recent Achievement 295
6.5.1.4 A Summary of Features of Policy Modelling of DRC in the Past Several Decades 295
6.5.2 Lessons and Experiences 296
6.6 Case Study of China’s Computable General Equilibrium Model-DRCCGE Model 298
6.6.1 The Component of the DRCCGE Model 298
6.6.1.1 Production and Factor Market 299
6.6.1.2 Foreign Trade 299
6.6.1.3 Income Distribution and Demand 299
6.6.1.4 Macro Closure 300
6.6.1.5 Recursive and Dynamic 300
6.6.1.6 Data 301
6.6.2 The Application of the DRCCGE Model 301
6.6.3 Scenario Design of Long Term Prospect of Chinese Economy 305
6.6.3.1 Baseline Scenario (Scenario 1) 305
6.6.3.2 Scenario of Faster Rise of Quality of Economic Development (Scenario 2) 306
6.6.3.3 Scenario of Slower Progress of Upgrading the Quality of Economic Development (Scenario 3) 309
6.6.4 Analysis of Trend of China’s Economic Growth Under Various Scenarios 310
6.6.4.1 Baseline Scenarios (Scenario 1) 310
6.6.4.2 Scenario 2 315
6.6.4.3 Scenario 3 319
6.6.5 Conclusion of this Case Study 320
6.7 Summary Points 321
References 322
7 Planning System—The Major Aspect of Application of Social Systems Engineering 325
7.1 Introduction 325
7.1.1 Definition of Planning and Its Role 325
7.1.2 Types of Planning 327
7.1.3 Classification of Planning in Economics 328
7.1.3.1 Planning in Business 328
7.1.3.2 Mandatory Planning (Centrally Planned Economy) 328
7.1.3.3 Indicative Planning 329
7.2 Evolution of Development of Modern National Planning System 330
7.2.1 Three Stages of Development of Evolution of Modern National Planning System 330
7.2.1.1 Period of Beginning of National Planning 330
7.2.1.2 Age of Popularization of National Planning: 4th Decade–5th Decade of 20th Century 330
7.2.1.3 Post 1960s up to Present: Decline of Preparation of Medium Term National Planning and Emergence of Long Term Strategic Planning and Scenario Planning 331
7.2.2 Development of Planning Theory 332
7.2.2.1 Development of Planning Theory Itself 332
7.2.2.2 Development of Mathematical Economics 333
7.2.2.3 Emergence of Future Studies and Scenario Planning 335
7.2.2.4 National Plans and Business Plans 336
7.3 Case Study of Medium-Term National Plans 337
7.3.1 Introduction 337
7.3.2 Cases Study of French Mid-Term Planning 338
7.3.2.1 Principles for Preparing Indicative Plans of France 338
7.3.2.2 Extensive Social Participation in Preparation of Plan 338
7.3.2.3 Function of Plans 339
7.3.2.4 Two Characteristics of Indicative Plans of France 339
7.3.2.5 Organizations of French Planning Agency and Determination of Growth Rate of Economy of Planning 340
7.3.2.6 Brief Introduction of Eight Medium-Term Plans of France 341
7.3.2.7 French Ninth Plan (1984–1988) 349
7.3.2.8 Develop Quantized Macroeconomic Management Tools 352
7.3.3 Case Study of Indian Mid-Term Planning 357
7.3.3.1 Overview 357
7.3.3.2 Briefing of Major Features of Indian Sixth Five Year Plan (1980–1985) 358
7.3.3.3 Briefing of Indian Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012–2017) 362
7.4 Strategic Planning and Scenarios Method 371
7.4.1 Introduction 371
7.4.2 Case Study of Europe 2020: A New Economic Strategy 372
7.4.2.1 Introduction 372
7.4.2.2 Executive Summary of Europe 2020: A New Economic Strategy 372
7.4.2.3 A Moment of Transformation 374
7.4.2.4 Three Scenarios for Europe by 2020 376
7.4.2.5 Europe Can Succeed 376
7.4.3 Case Study of Scenarios Method-Mapping the Global Future Project of National Intelligence Council of U.S.A. 378
7.4.3.1 Introduction 378
7.4.3.2 Briefing of Global Trend 2015 379
7.4.3.3 Global Scenarios Studied by Global Trends Report 2015–2030 382
7.4.3.4 Retrospect of Past Reports of Global Trends Works and the Three Scenarios in Global Trends Paradox of Progress Launched on Jan. 2017 386
7.4.3.5 Appendix 388
7.5 Spatial Development Planning 389
7.5.1 Introduction 389
7.5.2 Case Study 1 of Japanese Experience of Spatial Planning 389
7.5.2.1 Japan is a Latecomer Among the Developed Countries 389
7.5.2.2 Experience of Japanese Spatial Development Planning 390
7.5.2.3 Contents of Sixth Spatial Development Planning of Japan 394
7.5.3 Case Study 2 of European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) 396
7.5.3.1 Introduction 396
7.5.3.2 Agreement by Ministers and Fundamental Goals of Policy 397
7.5.3.3 Selected Aspects of Part A 398
7.5.3.4 Contents of Part B 399
7.6 Summary Points 401
References 404
8 Boundary, Environment and Social Change of a Social System 406
8.1 Introduction 406
8.2 Environment and System 407
8.2.1 General 407
8.2.1.1 Two Types of Systems 407
8.2.1.2 The Boundary 408
8.2.1.3 Business Planning and Environment 409
8.2.2 Case Study of Interaction Between Enterprise System and Its Environment-Growth of Yantian International Container Terminals (YICT) in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of China 412
8.2.2.1 Background of This Case 412
8.2.2.2 Purpose of This Case Study 413
8.2.2.3 Comment by Author of This Book 416
8.3 Social Structure, Function and Social Change of Social System 417
8.3.1 Social Structure and Function of Social System 417
8.3.1.1 Clarification of Basic Theory Adopted 417
8.3.1.2 Social System Analysis 417
8.3.2 Social Change 421
8.3.2.1 Basic Concept of Social Change and Its Types 421
8.3.2.2 Meaning of Study of Social Changes 421
8.3.2.3 Factors Effect Social Changes 421
8.4 Cultural System and Social Changes 422
8.4.1 Introduction 422
8.4.2 More Definitions on Culture 423
8.4.2.1 Definition of Culture Given by Robert Bocock (1992) 423
8.4.2.2 Definition of Culture Commonly Used by Sociologists, and Supplemented by Authors of This Book 423
8.4.2.3 Definition and Interpretation of Culture Given by Anthropologists 424
8.4.3 Formation and Change of Culture 425
8.4.3.1 Formation and Change of Culture 425
8.4.3.2 Diversity of Culture 425
8.4.4 Western Culture and Exploration of Cultural Theories Since the Scientific Revolution 426
8.4.4.1 Western Culture 426
8.4.4.2 Cultural System Theory 429
8.4.4.3 Human Ecological System 431
8.4.5 The Chinese Culture and Re-emergence of Asian Culture 431
8.4.5.1 Researches of East Asian Region 431
8.4.5.2 The Confucianism and Its Impact to Chinese Culture 432
8.4.5.3 The Analects 433
8.4.5.4 Other Aspects of Chinese Culture 436
8.5 Globalization and Regionalization—A Mega Trend of Social Change 437
8.5.1 Globalization—A Mega Trend of Social Change 437
8.5.2 Four Aspects of Globalization 438
8.5.2.1 Globalization of the Biosphere 438
8.5.2.2 Globalization of Scientific Sphere 439
8.5.2.3 Globalization of the Econosphere 440
8.5.2.4 Globalization of the Sociosphere 442
8.5.3 A Retrospect of Global Industrialization and Trade from a Historical and Cross National/Regional Perspective 442
8.5.3.1 The Three Periods of Global Industrialization 443
8.5.3.2 Two Major Actors of Global Industrialization 444
8.5.3.3 Lessons from History 445
8.5.4 Regional Development Within the Context of Globalization 446
8.5.4.1 Typology of Regions 446
8.5.4.2 Trends of Regionalization 447
8.5.4.3 Regionalization—Other Megatrend 449
8.6 Summary Points 449
References 451
9 Regulation of Social System 453
9.1 Introduction 453
9.2 General Discussion of Public Administration 454
9.2.1 Public Administration as a Discipline 454
9.2.1.1 Suggested Definition for Public Administration 454
9.2.1.2 Scope of Study of Public Administration 454
9.2.1.3 The Definition of Public Administration by Professor David H. Rosenbloom 455
9.2.1.4 The Definition of Public Administration from the Dictionary of Sociology 455
9.2.2 Trend of Change of Public Administration 455
9.2.2.1 Branch Theories of Public Administration 455
9.2.2.2 Emergence of New Public Administration 456
9.2.3 Response to Changes 456
9.2.3.1 A Changing World and Disputes Among Scholars 456
9.2.3.2 Different Responses to Changes 457
9.3 The Legal System—An Essential Means of Regulation of Social Systems 458
9.3.1 General Discussion 458
9.3.2 Legal Environment of Business, a Contribution by Professor Butler, H. N. in 1987 458
9.3.2.1 Contents of the Book 458
9.3.2.2 Unique Feature of This Book 458
9.3.3 China’s Legal System 460
9.3.3.1 China’s Legal System Before the 20th Century 460
9.3.3.2 Development of China’s Legal System Since The 20th Century 461
9.4 Public Policy 462
9.4.1 Clarification of Terminology 462
9.4.1.1 Policy 462
9.4.1.2 Public Policy 463
9.4.1.3 Public Policymaking 463
9.4.2 History and Schools of Public Policy and Policy Sciences Studies 464
9.4.2.1 History of Public Policy and Policy Sciences Studies 464
9.4.2.2 Schools of Public Policy Studies 466
9.5 A Social System Approach of Public Policymaking Process 467
9.5.1 Elements Involved in Social Systems Approach of Public Policymaking Process 467
9.5.2 Guideline of Policy Making (B2) 469
9.5.2.1 Setting up Appropriate Overall Goal System 469
9.5.2.2 Clarify Policy Boundaries 469
9.5.2.3 Setting up of Time Frame 470
9.5.2.4 Estimate Fully the Secondary and Tertiary Impact of Policy 470
9.5.2.5 Estimation and Determining Risk and Its Acceptability 470
9.5.2.6 Comprehensiveness Versus Narrowness 470
9.5.2.7 Balance Oriented Versus Shock Oriented 471
9.5.2.8 Relevant Assumptions on the Future 471
9.5.2.9 Theoretical Bases 471
9.5.2.10 Resources Availability 472
9.5.2.11 The Range of Policy Instruments 472
9.5.2.12 Balance Between Goals of Long Term and Short Term 472
9.5.3 Context of Environment of Public Policymaking 474
9.5.3.1 Social Environment 474
9.5.3.2 Economic Environment 475
9.5.3.3 Science and Technology (S& T) Environment
9.5.4 Types of Public Policy 477
9.5.4.1 Social Policy 477
9.5.4.2 Economic Policy 479
9.5.4.3 Science and Technology Policy 479
9.5.4.4 Environmental Policy 481
9.5.4.5 Policy Process-Theories 483
9.6 Case Study 1 of Applying Analytic Hierarchy Process to Policy System 484
9.6.1 Background Information of This Case Study 484
9.6.2 Brief Introduction to Analytic Hierarchy Process 484
9.6.3 Relative Weight Analysis Regarding Policies for Optimized Development Regions 485
9.6.3.1 Decompose Internal Elements into Levels (Hierarchies) 485
9.6.3.2 Calculate the Weighting Factors of Elements on the Same Level 485
9.6.3.3 Calculate the Weighting Factors of Elements on Different Levels 488
9.7 Case Study 2 of Industrial Policy of China 491
9.7.1 Introduction 491
9.7.2 Some General Discussion of Industrial Policy 492
9.7.2.1 Some General Discussion of Industrial Policy 492
9.7.2.2 Types of Industrial Policy 493
9.7.2.3 Trend of Study of International Organizations 494
9.7.3 China’s Industrial Policy 1953–2013 495
9.7.3.1 General 495
9.7.3.2 China’s Industrial Policy in the Pre-reform Era 495
9.7.3.3 IP of China Since Launch of Reform and Opening in Late 1970s to 2013 497
9.7.4 China’s New Situation and New Industrial Policy Within the Context of Globalization and Regionalization 499
9.7.4.1 New Situation of the Global and Regional Economy 499
9.7.4.2 The New Situation of China 502
9.7.4.3 Analysis of Competitiveness of Performance of China’s Export 505
9.7.5 Concluding Remarks 513
9.8 Summary Points 513
References 515
10 The Development of Think Tanks 517
10.1 Introduction 517
10.2 Definition, Function and Classification of Think Tanks 518
10.2.1 Definition and Function of Think Tanks 518
10.2.2 Classification of Think Tank 519
10.2.3 Development of Think Tank Research 520
10.2.3.1 Importance of Think Tank Research 520
10.2.3.2 Current State of International Think Tank Research 521
10.2.3.3 Think Tank Research in China 522
10.3 Development and Construction of Think Tanks 522
10.3.1 Development of Global Think Tanks 522
10.3.1.1 Overview of Global Think Tank Development 522
10.3.1.2 Status of Think Tank Development in Different Regions (2010) 524
10.3.1.3 Global Think Tanks Ranking Report of Pennsylvania State University 524
10.3.2 Trend and Challenges Facing Global Think Tank Development 527
10.3.2.1 Trends of Global Think Tank Development 527
10.3.2.2 American Experience in Think Tank Development 529
10.3.2.3 Challenges Faced by Think Tank Development 533
10.4 Case Study of International Think Tank 534
10.4.1 Case Study of Significance of International Think Tank 534
10.4.2 Case Study of Brookings Institution 534
10.4.2.1 A Brief History of the Brookings Institution 534
10.4.2.2 Top-level Organization and Funding Source of the Institution 537
10.4.2.3 Research Organization of the Institution 539
10.4.2.4 Determination of Research Subjects 541
10.4.2.5 Public Policy Education 542
10.4.2.6 Publications and Publishing 544
10.4.3 Case Study of RAND Corporation 544
10.4.3.1 A Brief History of the RAND Corporation 544
10.4.3.2 Top-level Organization and Funding Source of RAND Corporation 548
10.4.3.3 Organization Structure of RAND Corporation 549
10.4.3.4 Examples of Research Topics in 2010 552
10.4.3.5 Composition of Rand Experts 552
10.4.3.6 Unique Strengths of Rand and Its Public Policy Analysis 553
10.4.3.7 Report Summary of Long-Term Economic and Military Trends 1950–2010 553
10.4.4 Case Study of International Development Center of Japan 554
10.4.4.1 Development of Japanese Think Tanks 554
10.4.4.2 The Case of International Development Center of Japan 556
10.5 Development of International Think Tanks 561
10.5.1 Overview 561
10.5.2 Case Study of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 562
10.5.2.1 Profile 562
10.5.2.2 Major Tasks 563
10.5.2.3 Organization and Fund Source 563
10.5.2.4 Work Content Examples 564
10.5.2.5 Major Activities at Present 565
10.5.3 Case Study of the World Bank and Its Activity in China 569
10.5.3.1 Overview 569
10.5.3.2 Major Activities of the World Bank in China and Its Publications 570
10.5.3.3 Research Methods of the World Bank and Quality Assurance of finished Reports 574
10.5.3.4 Seminars and Training Courses 575
10.5.3.5 Other World Bank Publications and Researches 575
10.5.4 International Center for Economic Growth (ICEG) 576
10.5.4.1 Profile and Characteristics 576
10.5.4.2 Nature of ICEG 576
10.5.4.3 Network of Member Communication Organizations 577
10.5.4.4 Special Activities of ICEG 578
10.5.4.5 Publications 579
10.5.4.6 Academic Advisory Committee 579
10.5.5 African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) 579
10.5.5.1 Overview 579
10.5.5.2 Top-level Organization and Funds 580
10.5.5.3 Activities 581
10.6 Development of China’s Think Tanks and the Development Research Center of the State Council 585
10.6.1 Development of China’s Think Tanks 585
10.6.2 Case of Development Research Center of the State Council 586
10.6.2.1 History of Development Research Center (DRC) 586
10.6.2.2 Successful Experience of DRC and the Former Technical Economic Research Center 587
10.7 Summary Points 590
References 593
Application of Social Systems Engineering 595
11 Planning System of China (1953–1980) To Be Case Study 596
11.1 Introduction 596
11.2 The First Five-Year Plan 597
11.2.1 Process and Guideline of the First Five-Year Plan Preparation 597
11.2.2 Frist Five-Year Plan for Developing the National Economy of the PRC in 1953–1957 597
11.2.2.1 The Plan Content and Structure 597
11.2.2.2 156 core projects 617
11.2.2.3 Implementation of the First-Five-Year Plan 619
11.2.2.4 Balancing Act in Development Planning 621
11.3 Outline of Science and Technology Long Term Planning 1956–1967 (Revised Draft) 621
11.3.1 Background 621
11.3.2 Contents of the Twelve-Year S& T Plan
11.3.3 Impact 623
11.4 Planning in the Period Between 1957–1980 623
11.4.1 Period Covered 623
11.4.2 The Second Five-Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward and the Adjustment Period 623
11.4.3 The Third and Fourth Five-Year Planning Periods (1966–1975) 626
11.4.3.1 Establishing the Third Line Construction and Its Target 626
11.4.3.2 Physical Infrastructure Investment and Development 627
11.4.3.3 Summary of Public Policies Implemented in this Period 627
11.4.4 The Fifth Five-Year Planning Period (1976–1980) 629
11.4.4.1 The Fifth Five-Year Plan 629
11.4.4.2 Physical Infrastructure Investment and Development 629
11.4.4.3 Imports of Complete Sets of Equipment 630
11.5 Analysis of China’s Planning Performance (1953–1980) from the Perspective of Social Systems Engineering 631
11.5.1 Characteristics of China’s Economic System in the 1953–1980 Period 631
11.5.1.1 Centrally Planned Economy 631
11.5.1.2 Semi-closed Economy 631
11.5.2 Analysis of China’s Socio-Economic Development Using Revised Parsons’ AGIL Framework 632
11.5.2.1 The Economic Subsystem Performance 632
11.5.2.2 The science and Technology Subsystem Performance 641
11.5.2.3 The Social Subsystem Performance 643
11.5.2.4 Overall Analysis of China’s Planning Performance Using Revised Parsons’ AGIL Framework 643
11.6 International Perspective on China’s Socialist Economic Development in the 1953–1980 Period 646
11.6.1 Study by the World Bank (1981) 647
11.6.1.1 Economic Development and Social Change in the People’s Republic of China by Kraus (1982) 648
11.7 Summary Points 649
References 650
12 Planning System of China (1981–2016) To Be Case Study 652
12.1 Introduction 652
12.2 Evolution of Concepts, Process and Measures of China’s Planning System Since 1981 653
12.2.1 China Gradually Transformed Her Nature of Planning 653
12.2.1.1 The Name Was Changed 653
12.2.1.2 The Statistical System Was Changed 653
12.2.2 The Planning Process Was Normalized Gradually 653
12.2.3 The Planning Process Opened Gradually with Wider Participation of Institutions and Experts from Domestic and Abroad 654
12.2.4 Improvement of Policy Measures in Planning Documents 655
12.2.5 Greater Integration of Policies in the Planning Documents 655
12.3 Briefing of China’s Five-Year Plans from the Sixth to the Tenth 655
12.3.1 Briefing of the Sixth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China 656
12.3.1.1 Contents of the Sixth Five-Year Plan 656
12.3.1.2 Features 656
12.3.2 Briefing of the Seventh Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China 1986–1990 658
12.3.2.1 Contents of China’s Seventh Five Year Plan 658
12.3.2.2 Selected Aspects of Preface 658
12.3.2.3 Briefing of Part I and Part II of China’s Seventh Five-Year Plan 660
12.3.2.4 Briefing of Part III: Regional Deployment and Regional Economic Development Policy 667
12.3.2.5 Briefing of Part IV and Part V 668
12.3.2.6 Briefing of Part VI and Part VII 671
12.3.2.7 Briefing of Part VIII and Part IX 673
12.3.3 Briefing of China’s Eighth Five-Year Plan and Ninth Five Year Plan 675
12.3.3.1 Introduction 675
12.3.3.2 Briefing of China’s Eighth Five-Year Plan 675
12.3.3.3 Comparison of Structure of Part of China’s Eighth Five-Year Plan and Ninth Five-Year Plan 675
12.3.3.4 S& T Planning in the Period of “Eighth-Five” and “Ninth-Five” Plan
12.3.3.5 Several Features of China’s Eighth and Ninth Five-Year Plan 681
12.3.4 Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (Abbreviated as China’s Tenth Five-Year Plan) 682
12.4 Briefing of China’s Planning System from the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to Thirteen Five-Year Plan 682
12.4.1 Briefing of China’s Eleventh Five-Year Plan and Its Mid-Term Evolution 683
12.4.1.1 Briefing of China’s Eleventh Five Year Plan 683
12.4.1.2 Briefing of Mid-Term Evaluation of China’s Eleventh Five-Year Plan (Abbreviated As Mid-Term Evaluation Report) 683
12.4.2 Outline of China’s National Economic and Social Development Twelfth Five-Year Plan and Analysis of Its Performance (Abbreviated as China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan) 690
12.4.2.1 Briefing of China’s Twelfth Five-Year Plan 690
12.4.2.2 Analysis of Implementation of China’s Twelfth Five Year Plan 693
12.4.3 Period of Implementation of Outline of China’s National Economic and Social Development Thirteenth Five-Year Plan (Abbreviated as China’s Thirteenth Five-Year Plan) 704
12.4.3.1 Structure of Content of the “Suggestions” 705
12.4.3.2 Made in China 2025 707
12.4.3.3 Contents of Outline of National Territorial Plan (2016–2030) 709
12.5 Analysis of China’s Planning Performance (1981–2015) from Perspective of Social Systems Engineering 712
12.5.1 Features of China’s Socio-Economic System in the Period from 1981–2015 712
12.5.2 Analysis of Performance of China’s Economic System Based upon Revised Parsons’ AGIL Framework 712
12.5.2.1 Economic Growth 712
12.5.2.2 Growth of S& T Capacity in This Period
12.5.2.3 Social Development 721
12.6 Summary Points 722
References 727
Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 728