The Oxford Encyclopedia of Health and Risk Message Design and Processing

Roxanne Parrott is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Communication Arts & Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University. She received a PhD in communication with a minor in health policy and administration from the University of Arizona. She served on the National Academies of Sciences' Institute of Medicine Board of Population Health and Public Health Practice for five years. Parrott authored the award-winning book, Talking about Health, Why Communication Matters and co-edited the award winning book, Designing Health Messages: Approaches from Communication Theory and Public Health Practice.

I. Uncertainty and uses of evidence
Ethical Issues and Considerations in Health and Risk Message Design
Scientific Uncertainty in Health and Risk Messaging
Health and Risk Policymaking, the Precautionary Principle, and Policy Advocacy
Public Relations in Health and Risk Communication

II. Social determinants of health and risk
Social-Ecological Approaches to Health and Risk Messaging
Culture, a Social Determinant of Health and Risk Considerations for Health and Risk Messaging
Health Disparities, a Social Determinant of Health and Risk: Considerations for Health and Risk Messaging
Health Promotion and Risk Reduction in Congregations
Neighborhood Considerations for Social Determinants of Health and Risk

III. Agents for change
Advocacy Groups as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Supportive Communication Providers for Chronic Disease Management
Health Care Teams as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Equity and Distributive Justice in Health and Risk Message Design and Processing
Government-driven Incentives to Improve Health
Parents as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Public Health and Community Organizing as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Rehabilitation Groups
Advertisers as Agents for Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Faith Communities and the Potential for Health Promotion
Work as Opportunity and Problem When Trying to Impact Health and Risk

IV. Normative approaches
Appeal to Bystander Interventions: A Normative Approach to Health and Risk Messaging
Communities of Practice in Health and Risk Messaging
Collective Knowledge for Industrial Disaster Prevention
Entertainment-Education and Health and Risk Messaging
Positive Deviance: A Non-Normative Approach to Health and Risk Messaging
Risk Governance

V. Integrative approaches
Diffusion Theory in Integrative Approaches
Absent information in Integrative Environmental and Health Risk Communication
Inoculation Theory Applied in Health and Risk Messaging
Disruption Information Seeking and Processing Model Applied to Health and Risk Messaging
Communication Privacy Management Theory and Health and Risk Messaging
Lay Risk Management
Motivated Information Management and Other Approaches to Information Seeking
Regulatory Focus and Regulatory Fit in Health Messaging
Social Cognitive Theory Applied to Health and Risk Messaging
Social Marketing Applied to Health and Risk Messaging
Transportation Theory Applied to Health and Risk Messaging
Thought Speed and Health Communication
Structuration Theory and Health and Risk Messaging
Message Convergence Framework Applied to Health and Risk Messaging
Simultaneous and Successive Emotion Experiences and Health and Risk Messaging
Reasoned Action as an Approach to Understanding and Predicting Health Message Outcomes
Theory of Mind and Communication in Health and Risk Messaging
Mental Models of Risk

VI. Message-induced, affect-based motivational processes
Anger in Health and Risk Messaging
Anticipated Regret
Embarrassment and Health and Risk Messaging
Fear Arousal and Health and Risk Messaging
Using Guilt to Motivate Individuals to Adopt Healthy Habits
Hope and Health and Risk Messaging
Positive Affect Related to Health and Risk Messaging

VII. Message-induced, cognitive-based motivational processes
Knowledge and Comprehension
Memory for Media Content in Health Communication
Risk Perceptions and Risk Characteristics
Responsibility in Health and Risk Messaging
Message-Induced Self-Efficacy and its Role in Health Behavior Change
Social Amplification of Risk in Health and Risk Messaging
Source Credibility, Expertise, and Trust in Health and Risk Messaging
Self-Affirmation

VIII. Channel-related processes
Agenda Setting in Health and Risk Messaging
Cultivation in Health and Risk Messaging
Mass Communication and Policy Gatekeeping
Conflicting Information and Message Competition in Health and Risk Messaging
Presumed Media Influence in Health and Risk Messaging
Spiral of Silence in Health and Risk Messaging

IX. Structural message features
Appeals to Morality in Health and Risk Messaging
Argument Quality and Strength in Health and Risk Messaging
Celebrity-based Appeals in Health and Risk Messaging
Counterfactuals in Health and Risk Messaging
Message Framing Variations in Health and Risk Messaging
Text Features Related to Message Comprehension
Metaphor in Health and Risk Communication
Message Sensation Value in Health and Risk
Narratives in Health and Risk Messaging
Nutrition Labeling in Health and Risk Messaging in Asia
Nutrition Labeling in the United States and the Role of Consumer Processing, Message Structure, and Moderating Conditions
Patterns of Reasoning
Vividness
Statistical Evidence in Health and Risk Messaging
Types of Explanations in Health and Risk Messaging
Using Maps to Display Geographic Risk, Personal Health Data, and Ownership
Using Pictures in Health and Risk Messages
Behavioral Journalism in Health and Risk Messaging
Exemplification Theory in Health and Risk Messaging
Using Questions in Health and Risk Message Design
Resistance Induction in the Context of Health Decision Making
Humor in Health and Risk Messaging
Health-related Warning Message Processing

X. Segmentation Approaches
Publics Approaches to Health and Risk Message Design and Processing
Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Audience Segmentation Techniques
Message Tailoring in Health and Risk Messaging

XI. Message exposure and reach
Immersive Virtual Environments, Avatars, and Agents for Health
Blogging, Microblogging, and Exposure to Health and Risk Messages
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Health and Risk Messaging
Location-based Ads and Exposure to Health and Risk Messages
Mobile Health and Exposures to Health and Risk Messages
Social Media for Healthcare Communication
Video Games and Gaming: Reaching Audiences with Health and Risk Messages
Viral Marketing and Exposure to Health and Risk Messages
Popular Media and Exposure to Health and Risk Messages
Public Service Announcements and Exposure to Health and Risk Messages

XII. Message recipient psychological characteristics
Ambiguity Intolerance Considerations When Designing Health and Risk Messages
Message Recipient Psychological Characteristics: Incurious and Curious Motives to Learn about Health Risks
Fatalism and Locus of Control as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk Messages
Mood's Role in Selective Exposure to Health and Risk Information
Narcissism as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk Messages
Optimism and its Associations with Health Behavior and Responses to Health Communication
Procrastination, Health, and Health Risk Communication
Sensation Seeking
Worry and Rumination as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk Messages

XIII. Message recipient sociodemographic characteristics
Lifespan and Developmental Considerations in Health and Risk Message Design
Gender as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk Messages
Deaf or Hard of Hearing Message Recipient Sociodemographic Characteristics
Numeracy in Health and Risk Messaging
Media Literacy as a Consideration in Health and Risk Message Design
Occupation and the Risk Message Recipient
Limited English Proficiency as a Consideration When Designing Health and Risk Messages
Vision and Promoting Health
Health Literacy and Health/Risk Communication

XIV. Methods
Big Data's Role in Health and Risk Messaging
Network Analysis and Health and Risk Messaging
Physiological Measures of Wellness and Message Processing
Active Involvement Interventions in Health and Risk Messaging
Campaign Evaluation in Health and Risk Messaging
Measuring Graph Literacy
Grounded Theory Methodology
Meta-analysis in Health and Risk Messaging

XV. Case studies
The Breast Cancer and Environment Research Program
Keepin' It REAL: A Case History of a Drug Prevention Intervention
Case Study: Targeting the Stop.Think.Connect Cybersecurity Campaign to University Campuses, A
The ACT2 Program and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in HIV and AIDS Clinical Trials: A Health and Risk Messaging Case Study
Creating Authentic and Lasting Community Relationships to Enhance Awareness and Understanding of Cancer Research
Social Influence Processes and Health Outcomes in Alcoholics Anonymous
Case Study of Sesame Workshop's Cleaner, Happier, Healthier Intervention in Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria: Reporting on Exposure and Impact, A
Recruiting Opinion Leaders for the United Kingdom ASSIST Programme
Rhetorical Dimensions of "Active Shooter" Training Messages