China's Lessons for India: Volume II (eBook)

Dr Sangaralingam Ramesh is Economics Tutor in the Department of Continuing Education at the University of Oxford, UK, Associate Professor in Economics at the Universite Paris Dauphine GBD, France and Economics Module Leader at Kings College London, University of London, UK. He has published articles in International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, Journal of the Knowledge Economy and Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development.

Preface 7
Acknowledgements 9
Contents 11
List of Figures 12
List of Tables 15
1 Introduction 17
2 Knowledge Creation and Innovation Systems in China 22
Modelling Innovative Systems 24
China’s Innovation Systems 29
Centres of Innovation 34
Elements of Centres of Innovation 38
Telecommunications Infrastructure Pre-1978 38
Telecommunications Infrastructure Post-1978 40
3G and 4G Mobile Networks 43
Internet Development 47
The Internet in China 48
Research Institutes and Corporate R& D
Invention in Geographical Space 57
Patents 57
Scientific Papers 62
References 68
3 Knowledge Creation and Knowledge Spillovers: China’s Aggregate Economy 74
Innovation Systems 75
Innovation Systems in China 75
The Competence Block 80
Components of a Competence Block Education 82
The Mao Zedong Period: 1949–1976 82
The Deng Xiaoping Period: 1977–1997 83
The Jiang Zemin Period: 1997–2002 87
The Hu Jintao Period: 2002–2012 88
Xi Jinping Period: 2012–2020 91
Impacts of Educational Reforms 93
Centres of Research and Research Commercialisation 96
Functions of Universities 96
Science & Technology Parks
Science & Technology Regional Policy
High-Tech Zones 104
Incubators 106
SMEs 108
Returning Students 111
Innovation Systems in India 112
New Economic Geography Revisited 117
References 123
4 Entrepreneurship in China and India 128
Measuring Entrepreneurship 130
Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies 131
Entrepreneurship in China 133
Changes in Firm Ownership in China 139
Indian Entrepreneurship and Innovation 150
References 165
5 Comparative Study: Jiangsu, Hubei and Gansu: 1949–2014 172
Cross-Provincial Analysis 173
S& T Personnel by Region
Institutions by Region 197
Technical Research Topic—Natural Sciences 198
Major Indicators of LME by Region 198
Case Study Structure 202
Jiangsu 204
Infrastructure 206
Manufacturing Industry 209
S& T Research Parks, High-Tech Zones
Education 215
Hubei 218
Infrastructure 218
Manufacturing Industry 221
S& T Research Parks, High-Tech Zones
Education 225
Gansu 227
Infrastructure 229
Manufacturing Industry 232
S& T Research Parks, High-Tech Zones
Education 234
Innovation in China: The Future 238
References 243
6 Tales of Two Types of Regional Integration—The UK, the EU and China 244
Introduction 244
Trade Diversion, Resource Diversion and Over Competition—Market Failure 246
Theories of Regional Integration 248
The United Kindom and Regional Integration 253
The People’s Republic of China and Regional Integration 261
Conclusion 262
References 264
7 Conclusion 267
‘How Have infrastructure, knowledge creation and knowledge spillovers contributed to the economic growth of China?’ 268
‘From a political historical perspective, how have the post-1978 economic reforms contributed to building soft and hard infrastructure in China?’ 270
‘In China’s case, why has manufacturing concentrated in the coastal regions leaving the periphery to play a minor role in national economic growth?’ 273
How can India learn from China’s experience? 274
Index 277