The Psychology of Women and Gender

Nicole M. Else-Quest is Associate Professor of Women’s and Gender Studies and adjunct Associate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. After earning her undergraduate and graduate degrees in psychology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, she was on the faculty at Villanova University and then at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. She has been teaching the psychology of women and gender regularly since 2004 and currently teaches a course on women in science. Else-Quest’s research has been funded by the National Science Foundation and focuses on intersectionality, gender and ethnic identity development in adolescence, and diversity in STEM. She is a fellow of the American Psychological Association and a member of APA Division 35 (Society for the Psychology of Women) and Division 44 (Society for the Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity). Janet Shibley Hyde, the Helen Thompson Woolley Professor of Psychology and Gender & Women’s Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, received her education at Oberlin College and the University of California, Berkeley. She first taught a psychology of women course in 1973 at Bowling Green State University, then at Denison University, and she now teaches it at UW–Madison. Hyde’s research interests are in gender differences and similarities, as well as gender development in adolescence. She is a past president of APA Division 35 (Society for the Psychology of Women) and a fellow of the American Psychological Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Hyde served as editor of the journal Psychology of Women Quarterly (1986–1989), and she is also author of the textbook Understanding Human Sexuality. The winner of many teaching awards, Hyde most recently received the James McKeen Cattell Award from the Association for Psychological Science (APS) for lifetime contributions to the applications of psychology.

Preface
1 Introduction
1. Why Study the Psychology of Women and Gender?
2. Sex, Gender, Transgender, and Cisgender
3. Sexism and Feminism
4. Themes in the Psychology of Women and Gender
5. Sources of Bias in Psychological Research
6. Feminist Alternatives to Biased Research
7. Chapter Previews
8. Chapter Summary
9. Suggestions for Further Reading
2 Theoretical Perspectives on Gender
1. Psychoanalytic Theory
2. Social Learning Theory
3. Cognitive-Developmental Theory
4. Gender Schema Theory
5. Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
6. Social Role Theory
7. Feminist Theories
9. Chapter Summary
10. Suggestions for Further Reading
3 Gender Stereotypes and Gender Differences
1. Gender Stereotypes
2. Meta-Analysis
3. Psychological Gender Differences
4. The Gender Similarities Hypothesis
5. Androgyny
6. Chapter Summary
7. Suggestions for Further Reading
4 The Intersection of Gender and Ethnicity
1. Recurring Themes
2. Ethnic Group Labels
3. An Ethnic/Cultural Critique of Psychological Research
4. Guidelines for Research With People of Color
5. Cultural Heritages of People of Color in the United States
6. Gender Roles and Ethnicity
7. Immigration
8. Education
9. Mental Health Issues
10. Feminisms of Color
11. Chapter Summary
12. Suggestions for Further Reading
5 Gender and Communication
1. Verbal Communication
2. Nonverbal Communication
3. How Women and Nonbinary People Are Treated in Language
4. Toward Nonsexist Language
5. In Conclusion
6. Chapter Summary
6 Gender and Emotion
1. Gender Stereotypes About Emotions
2. Gender and Emotional Experience and Expression
3. Emotional Competence
4. Emotions Beyond the Binary
5. The Socialization of Gendered Emotions
6. Chapter Summary
7. Suggestion for Further Reading
7 Lifespan Development
1. Infancy
2. Childhood
3. Adolescence
4. Emerging Adulthood
5. Adulthood
6. Later Adulthood
7. Chapter Summary
8. Suggestions for Further Reading
8 Abilities, Motivation, and Achievement
1. Abilities
2. Motivation: Expectancy-Value Theory
3. Achievement
4. The Gender Gap in STEM
5. Chapter Summary
6. Suggestion for Further Reading
9 Gender and Work
1. Pay Equity and the Wage Gap
2. Gender Discrimination and Workplace Climate
3. Leadership and the Glass Ceiling
4. Work and Family Issues
5. Chapter Summary
6. Suggestions for Further Reading
10 Biology and Gender
1. Genes
2. Basic Physiological Processes
3. Sex Hormones
4. The Brain
5. Chapter Summary
6. Suggestions for Further Reading
11 Psychology, Gender, and Health
1. Gender and Health
2. Menstruation
3. Menopause
4. Reproduction and Health
5. Breast Cancer
6. HPV and Cervical Cancer
7. Trans Health Issues
8. Chapter Summary
9. Suggestions for Further Reading
12 Gender and Sexuality
1. Physiology
2. Psychological Aspects of Gender and Sexuality
3. The Intersection of Gender and Race in Sexuality
4. Sexual Disorders and Therapy
5. Gender Similarities
6. Chapter Summary
7. Suggestions for Further Reading
13 Gender and Sexual Orientation
1. Queer Theory
2. Stereotypes and Discrimination
3. Lesbian Culture
4. Sexual Orientation Development and Fluidity
5. Mental Health Issues
6. Why Do Women Become Lesbian, Bi, or Straight?
7. Differences Between Lesbians and Gay Men
8. The Intersection of Sexual Orientation and Ethnicity
9. Chapter Summary
10. Suggestions for Further Reading
14 Gender and Victimization
1. Rape
2. Intimate Partner Violence
3. Sexual Harassment
4. Human Trafficking
5. Child Sexual Abuse
6. Looking Forward
7. Chapter Summary
8. Suggestions for Further Reading
15 Gender and Mental Health Issues
1. Depression
2. Alcohol- and Substance-Use Disorders
3. Eating Disorders
4. Sexism and Psychotherapy
5. Psychotherapeutic Approaches
6. Addressing the Mental Health Needs of People of Color
7. Psychological Practice With Trans People
8. Chapter Summary
9. Suggestions for Further Reading
16 The Psychology of Men and Masculinity
1. Masculinity and the Male Role
2. The Gender Role Identity Paradigm
3. The Gender Role Strain Paradigm
4. Lifespan Development
5. Male Sexuality
6. Men of Color
7. Health Issues
8. Chapter Summary
9. Suggestions for Further Reading
17 Retrospect and Prospect
1. Future Research
2. Feminism Revisited
3. Re-visioning Theory
4. The Continuing Feminist Revolution and Backlash
5. Suggestions for Further Reading
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
About the Authors