A Second Chance for Europe (eBook)

Jo Ritzen is a professorial fellow in the International Economics of Science, Technology and Higher Education at UNU-MERIT and the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance. He is a former Minister of Education, Culture, and Science of the Netherlands, served in the Dutch Cabinet at the Maastricht Treaty, a former Vice President of the World Bank and former President of Maastricht University.

Preface 5
Contents 7
European Citizens at Risk 8
1 European Citizens at Risk 9
2 A Future with Less Growth 16
3 Europe of the (Border) Regions 19
4 A Vibrant Europe Is Possible 19
5 The Five Presidents Are Stuck 21
6 Challenge and Response: A Guide Through the Book 22
References 31
Halting Support for the EU 33
1 The Centrifugal Force of Increasing Euroscepticism 34
2 Euroscepticism Documented 37
3 The Losers of Globalisation 39
4 Explaining Euroscepticism 42
4.1 Theories 42
4.2 Before and After the Crisis 43
5 General Trends in Income Inequality and Financial Uncertainty 45
6 Euroscepticism and Financial Uncertainty 49
7 Referendums on the EU 54
8 Conclusions 58
References 61
A Vibrant European Model 64
1 The Need for a Vibrant Scenario 65
2 Europe´s Unbalanced Economic Performance 68
2.1 Labour Demand and Supply 68
2.2 Innovation 71
2.3 Wage Inequality, Income Inequality and Social Cohesion 73
2.4 Employment Protection, Minimum Wages and the Quality of Work 77
2.5 Greening 80
2.6 Happiness and the Labour Market 81
3 Europe 2017-2030: Muddling Through or a Vibrant Alternative 84
3.1 Innovation 91
3.2 Inequality 93
3.3 Mobility Policy 97
3.4 Jump-Starting Youth Employment 101
3.5 Vibrant Immigration (Treated in More Detail in Chapter ``A Sustainable Immigration Policy for the EU´´) 103
3.6 Sustainability 105
3.7 Happiness 105
4 Trade 106
5 Summary and Conclusions 108
References 113
In Europe We Trust 118
1 Introduction 119
1.1 Good Governance for Values, Growth and Happiness 119
1.2 The EU and Governance 121
2 Slipping Governance in the EU 122
3 Understanding the Rise and Fall of Governance 127
4 Governance and Trust in Institutions 130
5 What Can the EU Do? 132
6 Conclusions 134
Appendix: How to Control Corruption (from: EU, European Commission First Anti-Corruption Report, 2009) 135
References 136
EU Mobility 139
1 Introduction 140
2 EU Mobility in the Past Decades 142
2.1 Workers 142
2.2 Students 145
3 The Success Story of EU Mobility 146
3.1 Successes 146
3.2 Remaining Issues 148
4 Trends in EU Mobility to 2030 149
5 Post-Brexit Mobility 151
6 Completing EU Mobility Policy 152
7 Conclusion 154
References 155
A Sustainable Immigration Policy for the EU 158
1 Introduction: The Need for an EU Policy 159
2 The Past Decades of Immigration 162
3 Why Migrate? 166
3.1 Family Reunification and Work 166
3.2 Asylum and Refugees 167
3.3 Study in the EU 169
4 Mixed Success with Integration of Extra-EU Immigration 170
4.1 Integration on the Labour Market 172
4.2 School Careers of Youth with a Migrant Background 172
4.3 Mismatch in Values 174
4.4 Language Integration 174
5 The Expected Demand for Immigration into the EU to 2050 175
6 A Sustainable EU Immigration Policy 177
6.1 ``Regular´´ Immigration 178
6.2 Asylum and Refugees 179
References 182
A Sustainable Eurozone with Exit Options 185
1 The Euro as a Decisive Step 186
2 Eu(ro)phoria 2000-2008 191
2.1 Bliss and Divergence 191
2.2 Private Banks Pre-Crisis 193
2.3 Conclusion 194
3 The Euro and the Financial Crisis 2008-2014 194
3.1 The Tale of Two Shocks 194
3.2 Banks in the Crisis 198
3.3 Conclusions 199
4 Makeshift Repair 200
4.1 Never Waste a Good Crisis? 200
4.2 Banking: Response and Repair 204
5 A sustainable Future 2017-2030 206
5.1 Introduction 206
5.2 Secular Growth? 208
5.3 Vision Five Presidents Report 209
5.4 The Banking Union Moving Forward 211
5.4.1 Supervision, Resolution and Deposit Insurance 211
5.4.2 Finance Beyond the Banking Union 212
5.4.3 The ECB 214
5.5 Dealing with the Debt Overhang 215
5.6 An Euro New Deal with Exit as an Option 217
6 Conclusions 219
References 222
European Identity and the Learning Union 225
1 Belonging and Learning: Intro 226
2 Identity and Citizenship 228
3 Language: A Common European Language as a Compulsory Second Language in All EU Countries 231
4 Intra-European Student Mobility and Higher Education 233
5 A Case for European Strength in Basic Education 241
6 (Territorial) Room for Belonging 243
References 243
Forward to a Second Chance for Europe 247
1 The EU Is Vulnerable 248
2 Vulnerabilities and How They Might Be Addressed: More Cooperation with Less Moral Hazard 252
2.1 Vulnerability 1: ``Losers of Globalisation´´ Raise Their Voice Against Eu Membership 253
2.2 Second Chance: ``European Style Globalisation´´ 255
2.3 Vulnerability 2: Divergence in the Quality of ``Governance´´ 258
2.4 Second Chance: Strengthen European Level Law Enforcement 259
2.5 Vulnerability 3: Incomplete EU Mobility 260
2.6 Second Chance: Complete EU Mobility Policies 260
2.7 Vulnerability 4: Immigration with Limited Integration 261
2.8 Second Chance: Strengthen Integration and Make Immigration Selective by a Point System 262
2.9 Vulnerability 5: Eurozone with Debt Overhang 263
2.10 Second Chance: An Euro New Deal with Exit Options 264
2.11 Vulnerability 6: Language Babylon and Education Deficit 266
2.12 Second Chance: The Learning Union 267
3 Forward 268
3.1 Crumble or Reform 268
3.2 The Process 270
References 272