Smart Cities, Energy and Climate

Prof. Oleg Golubchikov School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Dr Komali Yenneti School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.

About the Editors xiii

List of Contributors xv

1 Introduction: Cities in the Twin Net-Zero and Digital Transition 1
Oleg Golubchikov and Komali Yenneti

1.1 The Rise of Smart Energy Cities 1

1.2 Thematical Threads and Issues 3

1.3 Imagining Smart Urban Energy Systems 6

1.4 Urban Design, Planning and Policies 7

1.5 Technologies and Data for Smart and Low-Carbon Urban Futures 9

1.6 Relevance for Practice and Future Research 11

References 12

Part I Imagining Smart Urban Energy Systems 15

2 Competing Narratives and Interests in Smart Urban Energy Systems 17
Jess Britton and Emily Judson

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Smart Energy Cities 19

2.3 Momentum in Energy System Change 20

2.4 Smart Local Energy Systems in the United Kingdom 21

2.5 Competing Logics and Interests 25

2.6 Evolving Smart Energy Governance 26

2.7 Conclusions 29

References 30

3 Where are Smart Sustainable Cities Made? Tracing Wired Socio-Technical Relationships in, Through, Beneath, and Beyond a City 35
Torik Holmes, Rebecca Windemer, and Carla De Laurentis

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Orientating Ideas, Approaches and Methods 36

3.3 The City of Manchester 38

3.4 Connecting ‘Smart’ Buildings 40

3.5 ‘Smart’ and Not-So-Smart Large-Scale Network Investments 42

3.6 Turbulent Urban–Rural Relationships and Contingencies 43

3.7 Scout Moor Wind Farm: Policy, Social Attitudes and Limiting Growth 44

3.8 Royd Moor Wind Farm: The Continuation of Ageing Infrastructure 45

3.9 Addressing ‘Hot Areas’ 47

3.10 Conclusions 49

References 50

4 Smart Energy Cities: A Perspective from West Africa 53
Charlotte Ray, Sam Williamson, Zuzana Hrdlicǩová, Derrick Kajjoba, Hillary Kasedde, Lauren Hermanus, Amadu Labor, Joseph Macarthy, and Braima Koroma

4.1 Introduction – Smart Cities: An Urban Panacea? 53

4.2 Smart Energy City in an African Context 56

4.3 Current Policy Environment around Smart Cities and SECs in West Africa 58

4.4 The Need for a More Integrated Approach 63

4.5 Conclusions 65

References 66

5 Beyond Urban Smart Grid Experiments: Replication and Upscaling as Contested Concepts 75
Harald Rohracher, Gudrun Haindlmaier, Klaus Kubeczko, and Dick Magnusson

5.1 Introduction 75

5.2 Analysing Context Conditions for the Replicability of Smart Grid Pilot Projects 77

5.3 Analysis of the Use Cases from the Demo Sites Hartberg and Malmö 81

5.4 Discussion and Conclusions 88

Acknowledgements 90

References 90

6 The Role of Active Buildings in Smart Energy Imaginaries: Implications of Living Well in Low-Carbon Homes and Neighbourhoods 93
Kate O’Sullivan, Fiona Shirani, Nick Pidgeon, and Karen Henwood

6.1 Introduction 93

6.2 Decarbonisation and Smart Energy Systems 95

6.3 Smart Homes, Smart Occupants? 96

6.4 Realising Smart Energy Futures: Active Buildings and Homes 99

6.5 Living Well in Low-Carbon Homes – Initial Insights 100

6.6 Discussion 105

References 106

7 Do Mobility and Sustainability Rhyme in the Autonomous City? 111
Federico Cugurullo and Alexander Gaio

7.1 Introduction 111

7.2 From Smart to Autonomous Cities 112

7.3 Sustainability in the Autonomous City 113

7.4 Autonomous Vehicle-Induced Urbanism 114

7.5 Bicycle Urbanism in the Autonomous City 117

7.6 Conclusions 119

References 120

Part II Urban Design, Planning and Policies 123

8 Re-Defining the Smart City Concept from the Urban Climate Perspectives 125
Joachim Fallmann, Christopher Holst, Matthias Mauder, and Stefan Emeis

8.1 Introduction 125

8.2 Existing Urban Studies 127

8.3 Recent Approaches for Reshaping Building Design 129

8.4 Suggestions for Urban Planning and Building Design 130

8.5 Model Approaches 135

8.6 Conclusion 137

Funding Sources 138

Conflict of Interests 138

References 138

9 Berlin’s Pathway to Climate Neutrality: Scenarios and Measures for a European Metropole 147
Bernd Hirschl

9.1 Introduction 147

9.2 The Search for a Climate Policy Target for Berlin 149

9.3 The Status Quo and Current Trends: Berlin Not Yet on the Path to Climate Neutrality 154

9.4 Scenarios for 2050, 2030 and 2040 – A Restrictions-Based Approach 155

9.5 Strategy Recommendations and Measures for a Climate-Neutral Berlin 160

9.6 Conclusions 162

Acknowledgement 164

Literature/References 164

10 City, Neighbourhood and Citizens: Putting the ‘20-Minute’ Idea to Work in Edinburgh 167
Alice Creasy, Matthew Lane, and Dan van der Horst

10.1 Introduction 167

10.2 The 20-Minute Idea 169

10.3 Case Study: Putting the 20-Minute Concept to Work in Edinburgh 176

10.4 Discussion 185

Acknowledgements 188

References 188

11 From Smart Urbanism to Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan: A Critical Evaluation of the Case of Cagliari 195
Chiara Garau, Giulia Desogus, and Vincenza Torrisi

11.1 Introduction: Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) 195

11.2 Comparison Between the Guidelines for Italian PUMS and the Guidelines of the mcc 197

11.3 Results and Discussion 208

11.4 Conclusions 210

Acknowledgements 210

References 211

12 Analysing India’s Smart Cities Mission from a Sustainability Perspective 215
Sarbeswar Praharaj

12.1 Introduction 215

12.2 Overview of the Smart Cities Mission in India 217

12.3 Untangling the Indian Smart City Models 219

12.4 Sustainability Assessment of Indian Smart Cities 221

12.5 Discussion and Conclusions 231

References 233

13 Energy Transitions and Smart Cities in Russia 237
Irina Ilina and Michinaga Kohno

13.1 Introduction 237

13.2 National Climate Policy 237

13.3 Cities in the Climate and Energy Agendas 241

13.4 The Digitalisation of Energy and Smart Cities 242

13.5 Conclusions 246

References 247

14 Energy Poverty in Cities: A Behaviourally Informed Perspective 249
Nives Della Valle

14.1 Introduction 249

14.2 An Additional Lens to Approaching Urban Energy Poverty 251

14.3 Limitations and Ways Forward 256

14.4 Conclusions 257

Disclaimer 257

References 258

Part III Technologies and Data for Smart and Low-carbon Urban Futures 263

15 Smart Energy Future and Smart Cities 265
Wadim Strielkowski

15.1 Introduction 265

15.2 The Concept of the Smart City 266

15.3 Growing Importance of Cities 266

15.4 Smart Technologies and Energy 268

15.5 Energy Infrastructure for Smart Cities 269

15.6 Concluding Remarks 272

References 273

16 Governing the Transition Towards Smart Grids Through Organised Industry Events 277
Suyash Jolly

16.1 Introduction 277

16.2 Theoretical Background 278

16.3 Research Method 280

16.4 India Smart Grid Week 2016 281

16.5 Discussion: Role of the Event in Facilitating Future Developments 285

16.6 Conclusion 287

References 288

17 Emission Reduction and Renewables Integration Through Distributed Ledger Technology 293
Hamid M. Pouran, Komali Yenneti, Mariana Padilha Campos Lopes, Louis Gyoh, and Yong Sheng

17.1 Introduction 293

17.2 What is the DLT or Blockchain Platform? 293

17.3 How DLT Could Catalyse Mitigation of GHG Emissions and Integration of Renewables 296

17.4 Concluding Remarks 300

References 300

18 Just Comfort: District Heating and Cooling as a Sustainable Energy Solution 305
Keith Baker and Ronald Mould

Glossary of Abbreviations 305

18.1 Introduction – A Brief History of District Heating 305

18.2 Defining District Heating and Cooling by Generation 307

18.3 Technologies and Fuel Supplies 308

18.4 District Cooling 311

18.5 Lessons from Denmark’s District Heating Revolution 313

18.6 District Heating and Cooling as a Solution to Energy Poverty 316

18.7 Defining Successful District Heating and Cooling Schemes 318

18.8 Concluding Remarks 321

References 322

19 The Role of Energy-Efficient Buildings in the Post-Carbon Future 327
Gloria Pignatta and Shayan Naderi

19.1 Introduction 327

19.2 Building Retrofitting 330

19.3 Thermal Mass Energy Storage 332

19.4 Battery Energy Storage 335

19.5 Solar Energy Utilisation 336

19.6 Energy Flexibility in Buildings and Districts 339

19.7 Conclusions 340

References 341

20 Using Bottom-Up Digital Technologies in Technical Decision-Making for Designing a Low-Carbon Built Environment 347
Clarice Bleil de Souza, Camilla Pezzica, and Jakob Hahn

20.1 The Role of Bottom-Up Data in Technical Decision-Making 347

20.2 Possibilities for Bottom-Up Data Gathering 349

20.3 Data Gathered by Sensors on Behalf of the People 351

20.4 Data Gathered by Citizen Scientists Using Digital Technologies 356

20.5 Challenges in Using Bottom-Up Data in Technical Decision-Making 360

Acknowledgements 361

References 361

21 Street Lighting as a Dimension of Smart Energy Cities 365
Mary Thornbush and Oleg Golubchikov

21.1 Introduction 365

21.2 Hardwiring the City 365

21.3 Street Lighting Efficiency 366

21.4 Smart Lighting 367

21.5 System of Street Lights Controller 367

21.6 Connected Security Lighting System 368

21.7 The ‘Smart Pole’ 368

21.8 Dynamic Lighting Control System 369

21.9 Conclusions 370

References 370

Index 373