The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism

Gary LaFree is Director of the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) and a Distinguished Scholar and Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland. His most recent book (with Laura Dugan and Erin Miller) is Putting Terrorism in Context (2015). Joshua D. Freilich is a member of the Criminal Justice Department and the Criminal Justice PhD Program at John Jay College. He is the Creator and co-Director of the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), an open source relational database of violent and financial crimes committed by political extremists in the U.S.

Notes on Contributors viii

Part I Introduction 1

Bringing Criminology into the Study of Terrorism 3
Gary LaFree and Joshua D. Freilich

Part II Etiology 15

1 The Etiology of Radicalization 17
Randy Borum

2 Psychological Factors in Radicalization: A “3 N” Approach 33
David Webber and Arie W. Kruglanski

3 What Makes Them Do It? Individual‐Level Indicators of Extremist Outcomes 47
John P. Sawyer and Justin Hienz

4 The Terrorists’ Planning Cycle: Patterns of Pre‐incident Behavior 62
Brent L. Smith, Paxton Roberts, and Kelly R. Damphousse

5 Group‐level Predictors of Political and Religiously Motivated Violence 77
Katharine A. Boyd

6 Country‐level Predictors of Terrorism 93
Nancy A. Morris and Gary LaFree

Part III Theories 119

7 General Strain Theory and Terrorism 121
Robert Agnew

8 Social Learning Theory and Becoming a Terrorist: New Challenges for a General Theory 133
J. Keith Akins and L. Thomas Winfree, Jr.

9 The Situational Approach to Terrorism 150
Henda Y. Hsu and Graeme R. Newman

10 Victimization Theories and Terrorism 162
William S. Parkin

11 Analyzing Radicalization and Terrorism: A Situational Action Theory 175
Per‐Olof H. Wikström and Noémie Bouhana

Part IV Research Methods 187

12 Measuring Terrorism 189
Laura Dugan and Michael Distler

13 Paradigmatic Case Studies and Prison Ethnography: Future Directions in Terrorism Research 206
Mark S. Hamm and Ramón Spaaij

14 Social Network Analysis and Terrorism 221
Aili Malm, Rebecca Nash, and Ramin Moghadam

15 Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Terrorism and Insurgency 232
Shane D. Johnson and Alex Braithwaite

16 Applying Multilevel Models to Terrorism Research 244
Brian D. Johnson

17 Methodological Advances in the Study of Terrorism: Using Latent Class Growth Analysis to Estimate Terrorism Trends 260
Nancy A. Morris

18 Interrupted Time Series Analysis in the Study of Terrorism 276
Robert Apel and Henda Y. Hsu

Part V Types of Terrorism 295

19 Far Right Terrorism in the United States 297
Pete Simi and Bryan F. Bubolz

20 Left‐wing Terrorism: From Anarchists to the Radical Environmental Movement and Back 310
Jennifer Varriale Carson

21 Assessing Aerial Hijacking as a Terrorist Tactic 323
Susan Fahey

22 Evolution of Suicide Attacks 339
Ami Pedahzur and Susanne Martin

23 Terrorist Assassinations: A Criminological Perspective 353
Marissa Mandala

Part VI Terrorism and Other Types of Crime 371

24 Organized Crime and Terrorism 373
Enrique Desmond Arias and Nazia Hussain

25 Similar from a Distance: A Comparison of Terrorism and Hate Crime 385
Ryan D. King, Laura M. DeMarco, and Robert J. VandenBerg

26 Studying Extremist Homicide in the United States 402
Jeff Gruenewald and Brent R. Klein

27 Financial Terror: Financial Crime Schemes Involving Extremists Linked to the American Far Right and al‐Qaeda and Affiliated Movements 420
Brandon A. Sullivan, Joshua D. Freilich, and Steven M. Chermak

28 An Empirical Analysis of Maritime Terrorism Using the Global Terrorism Database 433
Bo Jiang

Part VII Countering Terrorism 449

29 Empowering Communities to Prevent Violent Extremism: A Report on the August 2014 National Summit 451
Stevan Weine and William Braniff

30 Terrorist Plots the United States: What We have Really Faced, and How We Might Best Defend Against It 468
Kevin J. Strom, John S. Hollywood, and Mark W. Pope

31 The Ten Commandments for Effective Counterterrorism 482
Simon Perry, David Weisburd, and Badi Hasisi

32 Prosecuting Terrorism post‐9/11: Impact of Policy Changes on Case Outcomes 495
Christopher A. Shields, Brent L. Smith, and Kelly R. Damphousse

33 Prisons: Their Role in Creating and Containing Terrorists 508
Margaret A. Zahn

34 The Individual Risk Assessment of Terrorism: Recent Developments 520
John Monahan

35 Legislative Efforts to Prevent Eco‐terrorist Attacks 535
Yi‐Yuan Su and Sue‐Ming Yang

36 On the Relevance of Cyber Criminological Research in the Design of Policies and Sophisticated Security Solutions against Cyberterrorism Events 553
David Maimon and Alexander Testa

Index 568