Managing the Psychological Impact of Medical Trauma

Michelle Flaum Hall, EdD, LPCC-S, is associate professor, Clinical Mental Health Counseling, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, and a partner at Hawthorne Integrative, LLC, a health care consulting and clinical counseling firm. Scott E. Hall, PhD, LPCC-S, is associate professor, Counselor Education, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, and a partner at Hawthorne Integrative, LLC, a health care consulting and clinical counseling firm.

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction

The Current State of Health Care

Health Care Trends Relevant to Managing Medical Trauma

A Word About Our Perspective …

PART I: UNDERSTANDING MEDICAL TRAUMA

Chapter 1. What Is Medical Trauma?

Medical Trauma: A Complex Phenomenon

Understanding Medical Trauma in Context: The Ecological Perspective

Model of Medical Trauma

The Effects of Medical Trauma

Summary

Chapter 2. Medical Trauma Factors: The Patient

Patient Factors: Risk Factors

Summary

Chapter 3. Medical Trauma Factors: Diagnoses and Procedures

Level 3 Medical Trauma: Unexpected, Life-Threatening Medical Events

Level 2 Medical Trauma: Life-Threatening/-Altering Diagnoses

Level 1 Medical Trauma: Planned or Routine Medical Intervention

Summary

Chapter 4. Medical Trauma Factors: Medical Staff

Staff Communication Style

Staff Personal Factors

Staff Emotional Intelligence

Teamwork, Patient Safety, and Training

Summary

Chapter 5. Medical Trauma Factors: The Environment

The Hospital Environment and Medical Trauma

The Sensory Experience and Levels 1 and 2 Medical Traumas

Summary

Chapter 6. Case Studies

Level 1 Medical Trauma Case Study

Level 2 Medical Trauma Case Study

Level 3 Medical Trauma Case Study

PART II: MANAGING MEDICAL TRAUMA

Chapter 7. Prevention and Intervention: Level 1 Medical Trauma and Primary Care

Managing Medical Trauma in the Primary Care Setting

Current Models of Integrative Medicine

Screening for Trauma-Related Risk Factors

Using In-House Mental Health Professionals

Patient-Centered Medical Home Model

Understanding Different Mental Health Professions

Mental Health Treatment for Medical Trauma

Tying It All Together: Revisiting the Case of Keith

Summary

Chapter 8. Prevention and Intervention: Level 2 Medical Trauma and Specialist Care

High-Quality Care for Chronic Illness

Identifying Level 2 Medical Trauma

Intervention in Level 2 Medical Trauma: Collaboration for Chronic Disease Management

Specialist Care Practices: Striving Toward Integration

Tying It All Together: Revisiting the Case of Sharon

Summary

Chapter 9. Prevention and Intervention for Level 3 Medical Trauma: The Hospital Setting and Beyond

Managing Medical Trauma in the Acute Care Setting

Expanded Roles for Mental Health Professionals in Managing Medical Trauma

Tying It All Together: Revisiting the Case of Ann

Summary

Chapter 10. Medical Trauma and the Future of Health Care

Technology's Role in Managing Medical Trauma

IPE: Training a Collaborative Health Care Workforce

The Mindfulness Revolution in Health Care: Applications for Medical Trauma

Caring for Those Who Care for Patients: Managing Vicarious Traumatization

Medical Trauma and Implications for Future Research

The Business Case for Hiring More Mental Health Professionals

Summary

Appendices

Appendix A. Trauma Resources

Appendix B. Secondary 7–Lifestyle Effects Screening (S7-LES)

Appendix C. Medical Mental Health Screening

Appendix D. Support Organizations for Chronic Illness: Cancer, Cardiac Disorders, and Diabetes

Appendix E. Mindfulness Resources

Appendix F. Recognizing Signs of Acute Stress Disorder in Postpartum Women in the Hospital Setting

Appendix G. Experience of Medical Trauma Scale

Appendix H. New Roles for Mental Health Professionals Before, During, and After Severe Maternal Events

Appendix I. Understanding the Emotional Effects of a Difficult Childbirth Experience

Index