The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research

Andreas Schwarz is Senior Lecturer and Managing Chair of the Department of Media Studies at Ilmenau University of Technology in Germany. He is also managing director of the International Research Group on Crisis Communication and the founding chair of the Temporary Working Group on Crisis Communication at the European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA). Matthew Seeger is Dean of the College of Fine Arts, Performing and Communication Arts and Professor of Communication at Wayne State University, USA. His influential research in crisis communication scholarship had led to over 100 journal articles, contributions and co-authoring six books on crisis communication and organizational communication ethics.  Claudia Auer is Research Assistant at the Institute of Media and Communication Science of the Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany. She is a member of the International Research Group on Crisis Communication and the Ilmenau Center of Public Diplomacy Research and Training.

Notes on Contributors ix

Introduction: Searching for an Integrative Approach to International Crisis Communication Research

1. Significance and Structure of International Risk and Crisis Communication Research: Toward an Integrative Approach 1
Andreas Schwarz, Matthew W. Seeger, and Claudia Auer

Part I Disciplinary Foundations for International Crisis Communication Research 11

Political Science

2. Political Science Research on Crises and Crisis Communications 13
Saundra K. Schneider and Marty P. Jordan

Management and Economics

3. Delving into the Roots of Crises: The Genealogy of Surprise 24
Christophe Roux‐Dufort

Psychology

4. The Psychology of Crisis Communication 34
M. Brooke Rogers and Julia M. Pearce

Sociology

5. Sociological Foundations of Crisis Communication 45
Martin Voss and Daniel F. Lorenz

Anthropology

6. “Crisis” in Social Anthropology: Rethinking a Missing Concept 56
Stefan Beck and Michi Knecht

Communication: Toward an Integrative Approach

7. Communication – Conclusions for an Integrative Approach to International Crisis Communication Research 66
Claudia Auer, Andreas Schwarz, and Matthew W. Seeger

Part II Actors and Institutional Communicators in International Crises 73

War

8. Military, Government, and Media Management in Wartime 75
Kathrin Schleicher

Terrorism

9. Crisis Communication and Terrorist Attacks 85
Owen Hargie and Pauline Irving

Natural Disasters/Pandemia

10. Communication Concerning Disasters and Pandemics: Coproducing Community Resilience and Crisis Response 96
Jenni Hyvärinen and Marita Vos

Organizational Crisis

11. International Organizational Crisis Communication: A Simple Rules Approach to Managing Crisis Complexity 108
Robert R. Ulmer and Andrew S. Pyle

Political Crisis

12. Conceptualizing Political Crisis and the Role of Public Diplomacy in Crisis Communication Research 119
Claudia Auer

Part III The Role of the Media in the Construction of International Crises 133

War

13. The Role of the Media in the Discursive Construction of Wars 135
Stig Arne Nohrstedt

Terrorism

14. Terrorism and the Role of the Media 145
Liane Rothenberger

Natural Disasters/Pandemia

15. Media Framing of Disasters: Implications for Disaster Response Communicators 155
J. Suzanne Horsley

Organizational Crisis

16. Organizational Crisis and the News Media 165
Mario Schranz and Mark Eisenegger

Political Crisis

17. Political, Social, and Economic Crises in Public Communication 175
Kurt Imhof

Part IV Domestic and International Audiences in the Context of Crisis Communication 189

War

18. War, Media, and Public Opinion: A Battle for Hearts and Minds 191
Michel M. Haigh

Terrorism

19. Terrorism – Orchestrated Staging and Indicator of Crisis 200
Wolfgang Frindte, Daniel Geschke, and Sebastian Wagner

Natural Disasters/Pandemia

20. Reoccurring Challenges and Emerging Threats: Crises and the New Millennium 212
Patric R. Spence and Kenneth A. Lachlan

Organizational Crisis

21. Domestic and International Audiences of Organizational Crisis Communication: State of the Art and Implications for Cross‐Cultural Crisis Communication 224
An‐Sofie Claeys and Andreas Schwarz

Political Crisis

22. Environmental Crises and the Public: Media Audiences in the Context of Environmental and Natural Threats and Disasters 236
Jens Wolling

Part V The State of Crisis Communication Research Around the Globe 249

Crisis Communication Research in Africa

23. Crisis Communication Research in South Africa 251
Herman Wasserman and Nathalie Hyde‐Clarke

24. Crisis Communication Research in Nigeria 259
Amiso M. George

Crisis Communication Research in Asia

25. Crisis Communication Research in the Chinese Mainland 269
Yi‐Hui Christine Huang, Fang Wu, Yang Cheng, and Joanne Chen Lyu

26. Crisis Communication Research in Singapore 283
Augustine Pang

27. Crisis Communication Research in South Korea 292
Sora Kim

28. Risk and Crisis Communication Research in India 302
Ganga S. Dhanesh and Krishnamurthy Sriramesh

Crisis Communication Research in the Middle East

29. Crisis Communication Research in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA): Echoes of Normalizing Historical Crisis 313
Ibrahim Saleh

30. Crisis Communication Research in Israel: Growth and Gaps 327
Eytan Gilboa and Clila Magen

Crisis Communication Research in Australia and Oceania

31. Crisis Communication Research in Australia 337
Chris Galloway

32. Crisis Communication Research in Aotearoa/New Zealand 347
Ted Zorn, Margie Comrie, and Susan Fountaine

Crisis Communication Research in Western Europe

33. Crisis Communication Research in Germany 357
Andreas Schwarz

34. Crisis Communication Research in Northern Europe 373
Finn Frandsen and Winni Johansen

Crisis Communication Research in Eastern Europe

35. Crisis Communication Research in Eastern Europe: The Cases of Poland and Hungary 384
Gyorgy Szondi and Paweł Surowiec

36. Crisis Management and Communication Research in Russia 397
Sergei A. Samoilenko

Crisis Communication Research in Latin America

37. Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Colombia 411
Jesús Arroyave and Ana María Erazo‐Coronado

Crisis Communication Research in North America

38. Crisis Communication Research in the United States 422
Matthew W. Seeger, Alyssa Grace Sloan, and Timothy L. Sellnow

Part VI Challenges and Topics of Future Research on Crisis Communication 435

Conceptual and Methodological Challenges of Risk and Crisis Communication in the Twenty-first Century

39. Paradigms of Risk and Crisis Communication in the Twenty‐first Century 437
Robert L. Heath and Michael J. Palenchar

40. Global Product Recall Communications and Regulatory Focus Theory 447
Daniel Laufer

41. Methodological Challenges of International Crisis Communication Research 456
W. Timothy Coombs

New Technologies in International Crisis Communication

42. New Technologies and Applications in International Crisis Communication and Disaster Management 465
Andreas Schwarz, Jean‐Christophe Binetti, Wolfgang Broll, and Andreas Mitschele‐Thiel

43. The Future Role of Social Media in International Crisis Communication 478
Chiara Valentini and Dean Kruckeberg

Preparation for International and Cross-cultural Crises

44. Preparing for International and Cross‐cultural Crises: The Role of Competing Voices, Inclusivity, and the Interplay of Responsibility in Global Organizations 489
Timothy L. Sellnow and Shari R. Veil

45. Putting Research into Practice: Models for Education and Application of International Crisis Communication Research 499
Alice Srugies

Summing Up and Looking Ahead: The Future of International Crisis Communication Research

46. Risk, Crisis, and the Global Village: International Perspectives 510
Matthew W. Seeger, Claudia Auer, and Andreas Schwarz

Index 518