Advanced Instrumentation and Computer I/O Design

PATRICK H. GARRETT,, PhD, P.E., is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, where he has developed courses in manufacturing, controls, and process instrumentation. The author of several internationally adopted textbooks on instrumentation and process control, he continues to be involved in long-term research projects, for both government and private sectors, focused on performance advancement of information-intensive real-time systems. A member of the IEEE, Dr. Garrett has been an American Council on Education reviewer, a White House intern, and visiting scientist at the Air Force Materials & Manufacturing Directorate.

Preface VII

1 Sensors, Excitation, and Linearization 1

1-0 Introduction 1

1-1 Basic Principles 2

1-2 Temperature Sensors 4

1-3 Pressure, Flow, and Level Measurement 8

1-4 Motion, Vibration, Force, and Tactile Transducers 13

1-5 Photometry and Image Sensors 17

1-6 Nuclear and Chemical Analyzers 20

1-7 Sensor Linearization 25

Problems 28

References 28

2 Operational and Instrumentation Amplifiers 30

2-0 Introduction 30

2-1 Device Temperature Characteristics 31

2-2 Differential Amplifiers 32

2-3 Operational Amplifiers 36

2-4 Instrumentation Amplifiers and Error Budgets 45

2-5 Noise in Low-Level Amplification 56

Problems 60

References 62

3 Filters for Measurement Signals 63

3-0 Introduction 63

3-1 Lowpass Instrumentation Filters 64

3-2 Active Filter Networks 70

3-3 Filter Error Analysis 77

3-4 Bandpass Instrumentation Filters 84

Problems 91

References 93

4 Analog Signal Acquisition, Conditioning, and Processing 95

4-0 Introduction 95

4-1 Input Grounding, Shielding, and Termination Practice 96

4-2 Signal Conditioning Error Analysis 99

4-3 DC, Sinusoidal, and Harmonic Signal Conditioning 102

4-4 Analog Signal Processing 110

Problems 119

References 121

5 Devices for Data Conversion 122

5-0 Introduction 122

5-1 Analog Multiplexers 123

5-2 Sample-Holds 128

5-3 Digital-to-Analog Converters 132

5-4 Analog-to-Digital Converters 140

Problems 153

References 154

6 Sampled Data, Intersample Error, and Interpolation 155

6-0 Introduction 155

6-1 Sampled Data 156

6-2 Aliasing of Signal and Noise 160

6-3 Intersample and Aperture Error 164

6-4 Signal Recovery and Interpolation 170

Problems 176

References 177

7 Conversion System Design with Computer-Assisted Analysis 179

7-0 Introduction 179

7-1 System Design Considerations 180

7-2 Low Data Rate I/O System 182

7-3 High Data Rate I/O System 194

7-4 Computer-Assisted Interface Analysis Software Description 203

Problems 215

References 215

8 Advanced Interfacing Systems for Imaging, Digital Control, and Adaptive Performance 218

8-0 Introduction 218

8-1 Wideband Widerange Data Conversion 219

8-2 Digital Image Acquisition 221

8-3 Digital Control Interfacing Considerations 224

8-4 Performance Adaptive Controlled Accuracy Interfacing 230

Problems 234

References 234

9 Digital Processor Interfacing, Intelligent I/O, and Programming 23B

9-0 Introduction 236

9-1 Microcomputer Busses and Digital I/O 237

9-2 Processor Interfacing Methods 245

9-3 Intelligent I/O System 251

9-4 Real-Time Programming Considerations 255

Problems 260

References 260

10 Distributed Interfacing Systems 261

10-0 Introduction 261

10-1 Distributed I/O Networks 262

10-2 MODEM Data Transmission 267

10-3 System Response Time and Reliability Calculations 272

10-4 Local Area Networks 277

Problems 282

References 283

Index 285