Psychopharmacology of Aversively Motivated Behavior

1 Aversively Motivated Behavior as a Tool in Psychopharmacologic Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Models.- III. Components of Avoidance Behavior—Implications for Psychopharmacology.- IV. Strategies for the Assessment of Treatment Effects.- V. General Summary.- References.- 2 Behavioral Genetics and Animal Learning.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Concepts and Methods.- III. Major Research Questions.- IV. Mendelian Inheritance, Pleiotropy, and Relations between Characters.- References.- 3 Neurochemical Changes Elicited by Stress: Behavioral Correlates.- I. Introduction.- II. Effects of Acute Stress on Levels and Turnover of NE, DA, and 5-HT.- III. Stress-Induced Increases in Amine Levels.- IV. Neurochemical Change and Coping Style.- V. Hormonal Changes after Stress.- VI. Genetic Factors.- VII. Stress-Induced Neurochemical Changes: Implications for Avoidance Behavior.- VIII. Implications for Human Behavior.- IX. Overview.- References.- 4 Cholinergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- I. Introduction.- II. Selected Neurochemical Aspects of Cholinergic Drug Action.- III. Behavioral Effects of Muscarinic Agonists and Antagonists.- IV. Sites of Drug Action.- V. Nicotinic Stimulation and Blockade.- VI. General Conclusions.- References.- 5 Monoamines and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- I. Introduction.- II. Neuropharmacology of the Monoamines.- III. Some Aspects of the Neuropharmacology of the Monamines.- IV. Catecholaminergic Mechanisms and Nonassociative Behavioral Change.- V. Catecholaminergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- VI. Serotonergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- VII. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Hallucinogens.- I. Introduction.- II. The General Pharmacology of Hallucinogens.- III. Effects of Hallucinogens onAnimal Behavior.- IV. Current Models and Hypotheses for the Effects of Hallucinogens.- V. Relevance to Human Effects.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Effects of Neuroleptics, Ethanol, Hypnotic-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, Narcotics, and Minor Stimulants in Aversive Paradigms.- I. Introduction.- II. Neuroleptics (Major Tranquilizers).- III. Ethanol, Hypnotic-Sedatives, and Minor Tranquilizers.- IV. Narcotic Agonists and Antagonists.- V. Miscellaneous Stimulants.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Stimulus Attributes of Drugs.- I. Drugs as Unconditioned Punishing Stimuli.- II. Drugs as Unconditioned Reinforcing Stimuli.- III. Drugs as Conditioned Stimuli.- IV. Summary.- References.- 9 A Comparative Neurochemical, Pharmacological, and Functional Analysis of Aversively Motivated Behaviors: Caveats and General Considerations.- I. Theoretical Frameworks for Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- II. Role of Neurochemical Activity in Aversive Situations.- III. Comparative Analysis of Selected Drug-Induced Syndromes.- IV. Relevance of Research on Infrahuman Subjects to Human Psychopharmacology.- V. Conclusions.- References.- Author Index.