The Invisible Hands of Political Parties in Presidential Elections: Party Activists and Political Aggregation from 2004 to 2012

Andrew Dowdle is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas, USA. Scott Limbocker is a PhD student in the Department of Political Science at Vanderbilt University, USA. Song Yang is Associate Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at the University of Arkansas, USA. Karen Sebold is a Visiting Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas, USA. Patrick A. Stewart is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Arkansas, USA.

1. Why Contested Primaries May Not be Divisive Primaries 2. Refining (and Redefining) the Party 3. Multiple Donors and the Party as a Network 4. Multiple Donor Networks Begin to Shed Light on the Nomination Process; The 2004 Democratic Nomination Process 5. A Tale of Two Networks: The 2008 Nomination Process 6. A "Not-Romney" Explanation: The 2012 Republican Nomination Process 7. Multiple Donors and Their Place in the Partisan Universe