Analytical Sociology

Editor: Gianluca Manzo GEMASS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and University of Paris–Sorbonne, France

Preface and Acknowledgments xiii

About the Editor xv

List of Contributors xvii

Introduction 1

Editor's Introduction to Chapter 1 2

1 Data, Generative Models, and Mechanisms: More on the Principles of Analytical Sociology 4
Gianluca Manzo

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 The Principles of Analytical Sociology 7

1.3 Clarity (P1) 10

1.4 Description (P2) 12

1.5 Generative Models (P3) 14

1.6 Structural Methodological Individualism (P4a) 17

1.7 Logics of Action (P4b) 21

1.8 Structural Interdependency (P4c) 27

1.9 Agent-Based Modeling (P5) 29

1.10 Back to Data (P6 and P7) 35

1.11 Concluding Remarks 37

1.12 How to Read this Book 40

Part I ACTIONS 53

Foundational Issues 54

Editor's Introduction to Chapter 2 55

2 Analytical Sociology and Rational-Choice Theory 57
Peter Hedström and Petri Ylikoski

2.1 Rational-Choice Theory 58

2.2 Sociological Rational-Choice Theory 59

2.3 Analytical Sociology as a Meta-Theory 60

2.4 The Key Ideas of Analytical Sociology 61

2.4.1 Mechanism-Based Explanation 61

2.4.2 Realism 62

2.4.3 Theories of Middle Range 63

2.4.4 Theory of Action 64

2.5 The Puzzle 64

2.6 The Assumed Special Role of RCT 65

2.7 Conclusion 67

3 Why Crime Happens: A Situational Action Theory 74
Per-Olof H. Wikström

3.1 Situational Action Theory 75

3.2 Explaining Crime 76

3.3 The Situational Model 77

3.4 The Situational Process 78

3.4.1 Motivation 79

3.4.2 Perception of Action Alternatives: The Moral Filter 80

3.4.3 The Process of Choice: Habits and Deliberation 80

3.4.4 Controls: Self-Control and Deterrence 82

3.5 The Social Model 82

3.6 Integrating the Social and Situational Models 84

3.7 Testing SAT 85

3.7.1 The Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study 85

3.7.2 Measuring Crime, Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure 86

3.7.3 Crime Involvement by Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure 87

3.7.4 The Impact of Criminogenic Exposure on Crime for Groups with Different Levels of Crime Propensity 88

3.8 Explaining Crime Concentrations (Hot Spots) 90

3.9 Coda 92

4 Frames, Scripts, and Variable Rationality: An Integrative Theory of Action 97
Clemens Kroneberg

4.1 Introduction 97

4.2 The Model of Frame Selection (MFS) 99

4.2.1 Frames, Scripts, and Actions 99

4.2.2 Dual-processes: Spontaneous vs. Reflected Modes of Selection 100

4.2.3 The Determinants of Variable Rationality 104

4.3 Hypotheses and Previous Applications 106

4.4 An Exemplary Application Using Survey Data: Explaining Voter Participation 108

4.4.1 Theory 108

4.4.2 Data and Measures 112

4.4.3 Results 113

4.5 Applying the MFS to Study Social Dynamics 115

4.5.1 The MFS and the Study of Social Movements and Collective Action 116

4.5.2 Strategic Interaction with Variable Rationality and Framing 117

4.6 Conclusion 118

5 Analytical Sociology and Quantitative Narrative Analysis: Explaining Lynchings in Georgia (1875–1930) 127
Roberto Franzosi

5.1 Strange Fruits on Southern Trees 127

5.2 Analytical Sociology 128

5.3 Quantitative Narrative Analysis (QNA) 129

5.3.1 Step 1: Story Grammars 130

5.3.2 Step 2: PC-ACE (Program for Computer-Assisted Coding of Events) 132

5.3.3 Step 3: Data Analysis: Actor-Centered vs. Variable-Centered Tools of Analysis 134

5.4 Of Sequences 139

5.5 Of Time and Space 142

5.6 Conclusions 144

6 Identity and Opportunity in Early Modern Politics: How Job Vacancies Induced Witch Persecutions in Scotland, 1563–1736 151
Anna Mitschele

6.1 Introduction 151

6.2 Theories about Witches and Research on State Making 153

6.3 Towards a Theory of Persecution 155

6.3.1 Communities 156

6.3.2 Elite Social Structure and Government 157

6.4 Witch-Hunting in Scotland 157

6.5 Findings 159

6.5.1 Prosecution as Career Device I: Waves of Witch-Hunting and their Historical Correlates 159

6.5.2 Prosecution as Career Device II: Witch-Hunters Become Justices of the Peace 161

6.5.3 Competing Explanations I: The Godly State Ideology 162

6.5.4 Competing Explanations II: Witches as Scapegoats for Disaster 163

6.6 Discussion 164

7 Mechanisms of Cooperation 172
Davide Barrera

7.1 Introduction 172

7.2 Cooperation Problems in Dyadic Settings 174

7.2.1 Models of Trust Problem 175

7.2.2 Cooperation Mechanisms in Embedded Settings 178

7.2.3 Empirical Research on Trust in Embedded Settings 179

7.2.4 Dyadic Embeddedness 180

7.2.5 Network Embeddedness 180

7.3 Cooperation Problems Involving More than Two Actors 181

7.3.1 Reciprocity and Non-Standard Utility Models 183

7.3.2 Empirical Evidence on Heterogeneous Preferences 184

7.4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 187

8 The Impact of Elections on Cooperation: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Uganda 201
Guy Grossman and Delia Baldassarri

8.1 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses 203

8.2 Research Site, Sampling, and Experimental Design 206

8.3 Research Site 207

8.4 Sampling and Data Collection 208

8.5 Experimental Design 208

8.6 Experimental Findings 210

8.7 Monitors’ Sanctioning Behavior 214

8.8 Discussion of the Experimental Part 216

8.9 Observational Data 217

8.10 Comparing Behavior in the Experiment and Real Life 219

8.11 Conclusion 221

Part II NETWORKS 233

Collective Action 234

Editor's Introduction to Chapter 9 235

9 Social Networks and Agent-Based Modelling 237
Meredith Rolfe

9.1 Social Network Properties 238

9.1.1 Surveys of Personal Networks 239

9.2 Network Construction Techniques 243

9.2.1 Global Reference or Full Information 243

9.2.2 Random Graph Local Networks 243

9.2.3 Two-Dimensional Lattices or Grid-Based Networks 244

9.2.4 One-Dimensional Lattice or Small-World Method 245

9.2.5 Biased or Structured Random Networks 245

9.3 Networks as Pipes: A Basic Demonstration 246

9.3.1 Global Networks and Group Size 248

9.3.2 Results with Network Construction Methods 251

9.4 Discussion 256

10 Online Networks and the Diffusion of Protest 263
Sandra Gonzalez-Bailón, Javier Borge-Holthoefer, and Yamir Moreno

10.1 Diffusion Dynamics 264

10.1.1 Models of Diffusion 264

10.1.2 Case Study 266

10.2 Thresholds and Critical Mass 268

10.3 Networks and Social Influence 271

10.4 Conclusion: Digital Data and Analytical Sociology 275

11 Liability to Rupture: Multiple Mechanisms and Subgroup Formation. An Exploratory Theoretical Study 282
Peter Abell

11.1 Introduction 282

11.2 A Formal Framework 283

11.3 Balance Theory 284

11.4 Homophily (H-theory) 287

11.5 Baseline Structures 288

11.6 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for Balance Theory 289

11.7 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for H-theory 291

11.8 The Dynamic Interaction of Balance and H-theories 293

11.9 Conclusions 294

12 Network Size and Network Homophily: Same-Sex Friendships in 595 Scandinavian Schools 299
Thomas Grund

12.1 Introduction 299

12.2 Theoretical Considerations 301

12.2.1 Biased Urn Model Without Replacement for Network Formation 301

12.2.2 Role of Group Size for Homophily 305

12.3 Empirical Application: Same-Sex Ties in School Classes 308

12.3.1 Hypotheses 308

12.3.2 Data and Method 309

12.4 Results 310

12.5 Conclusion 312

13 Status and Participation in Online Task Groups: An Agent-Based Model 317
Simone Gabbriellini

13.1 Introduction 317

13.2 Previous Models 319

13.3 E-state Structuralism: A Very Brief Review with an Add-On 321

13.4 Case Study: Strategies and Discussions in Massively Multi-Player Online Games 324

13.5 Analysis of the Model 326

13.6 Empirical Test/Validation of the Model 331

13.7 Conclusions 336

14 Turbulent Careers: Social Networks, Employer Hiring Preferences, and Job Instability 342
Christine Fountain and Katherine Stovel

14.1 Introduction 342

14.2 Background 343

14.2.1 The Rise of Turbulence in Individual Employment Trajectories 343

14.2.2 Inequality in Insecurity 344

14.3 Networks 346

14.3.1 Network Structure and Inequality in Information 346

14.3.2 Our Approach 348

14.4 Methods 349

14.4.1 The Simulation Environment 349

14.4.2 Implementation 350

14.4.3 Experimental Structure 353

14.5 Results 355

14.6 Summary and Conclusions 362

15 Employer Networks, Priming, and Discrimination in Hiring: An Experiment 373
Karoly Takacs, Flaminio Squazzoni, Giangiacomo Bravo, and Marco Castellani

15.1 Introduction 373

15.2 Method 376

15.2.1 Experimental Design 376

15.2.2 Manipulations 378

15.2.3 Subjects 378

15.3 Results 379

15.3.1 Index Values 379

15.3.2 Hierarchical Models 382

15.3.3 From Traditional Testing Toward Finding Indicators for Mechanisms 385

15.4 Discussion 391

16 The Duality of Organizations and Audiences 400
Balazs Kovacs

16.1 Introduction 400

16.2 Similarity and the Duality of Organizations and their Audiences 401

16.3 Organizational Similarity, Audiences, and Arguments for Extending Structural Equivalence 403

16.4 A Representation for Dual Similarity of Organizations and their Audiences 406

16.5 Empirical Illustration: The Duality of Restaurants and their Reviewers 407

16.6 Similarity as a Basis for Prediction: Validating the Model 408

16.7 Discussion, Implications, and Limitations 412

16.8 Connections to Analytical Sociology 415

References 415

Further Reading 418

Coda 419

Problem Shift in Sociology: Mechanisms, Generic Instruments, and Fractals 420
Gianluca Manzo

Index 427