Rape Investigation Handbook (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Rape Investigation Handbook 4
Copyright 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
The Central Park Jogger Case 11
The Manhattan Special Victims Squad 12
DNA Advances and Matias Reyes 13
My Last Case 14
Rape Investigation Handbook, Second Edition 17
References 18
Foreword to the First Edition 20
Preface to the First Edition: The Role of the Sex Crimes Investigator 22
The Essential Qualities 24
Working Cases 25
References 26
Acknowledgments 28
About the Authors 30
Jodi Freeman, M.Crim. 30
Charla M. Jamerson, BSN, R.N., MNS, SANE-A, CMI, III 30
Michael McGrath, M.D. 30
Stephen M. Pittel, Ph.D. 31
Detective Alan Sandomir, NYPD 31
Detective John O. Savino, NYPD (retired 2007) 32
Laila Spina, Psy.D. 33
Brent E. Turvey, M.S. 33
Section I. An Introduction to Sex Crimes 34
Chapter 1. Sex Crimes: An Overview 36
What is a Sex Crime? 37
The Historical View 37
Consent 39
Age 39
Drugs and Alcohol 39
Physical or Mental Disability 41
Types of Sex Crimes 41
Rape/Sexual Assault 41
Child Molestation 42
Sexual Coercion 44
Bestiality 45
Voyeurism 46
Fetish Burglary 47
Necrophilia 48
Prostitution/Soliciting/Sex Trafficking 50
Female Sex Offenders 52
Sex Crimes and Communications Technology 54
Virtual Worlds and Exploitation 54
“Sexting” as a Crime 57
Summary 58
Questions 59
References 59
Chapter 2. Rape and Sexual Assault 62
Definitions 62
Legal Definitions 63
Alaska 63
California 65
New York 66
North Carolina 67
Oregon 68
Clinical Definitions 68
Sociopolitical Definitions 69
Legislating Belief: “Rape Staircase” Laws and Funding Abortion 69
Extreme Definitions 70
Moral Definitions 70
Statistics 72
Crime Data 72
Clearance Rates 74
Behind the Numbers: Crime Data Manipulation 75
Downgrading and/or Misclassifying 75
Unfounding 78
Discouraging 79
Rape Myths 81
Offender Myths 81
Myth: Uncontrollable Sexual Desire 81
Myth: The Stranger 82
Myth: The Loner 82
Myth: Females Cannot Commit Rape or Sexual Assault 83
Victim Myths 83
Common Victim Reactions to Sexual Assault 85
Conclusion 86
Summary 87
Questions 87
References 87
Chapter 3. Sex Trafficking: A Culture of Rape 90
Definitions 90
Types of Sex Workers 91
Statistics 92
Predispositions 93
Recruitment 98
The Con 99
Indentured Servitude 101
Kidnapping 102
Retention 103
Sex Workers and Sexual Assault 106
Easy Prey 107
Voluntary Sex Workers: An Investigative Resource 107
Sex Workers and False Reports 108
Sex Workers as a Source of Intelligence 108
The Law Enforcement Response 112
Summary 113
Questions 113
References 114
Section II. Investigative Response 116
Chapter 4. The First Investigative Response 118
Professional Responsibilities 118
Duty of Care 121
Primary Responsibilities 122
Investigative Duties 123
Know Your Law: Criminal Codes and Probable Cause 127
Criminal Codes 128
Probable Cause 128
The Fourth Amendment 129
Mere Suspicion 130
Example of “Mere Suspicion” 130
Reasonable Suspicion 130
Example of “Reasonable Suspicion” 130
Probable Cause 131
Example of “Probable Cause” 131
Know Your People 131
Duties of the First Responder 131
Attitude and Confidence 132
Leadership 133
Know Your Crime Lab 133
Forensic Scientists 133
Response Procedures 136
Collection Procedures 137
Backlogs 138
Investigator’s Essential Equipment 143
Summary 143
Questions 144
References 144
Chapter 5. Investigative Crime Scene Management 146
Establishing the Hierarchy: A Needs Assessment 146
Patrol Unit 147
Anti-crime Unit 147
Burglary Unit 147
Robbery Unit 147
Gang Unit 148
Vice Unit 148
Narcotics Unit 148
Sex Crimes/Special Victims Unit 148
Sex Offender Monitoring Unit 149
Homicide Unit 149
Major Case Unit 149
Crime Scene/Evidence Unit 149
Cold Case Unit 149
Checklists and the Criminal Investigator 152
Preconceived Theories 152
Scene Management Protocols 154
Attending the Crime Scene 154
National Institute of Justice Guidelines 156
First Responding Officer 157
Taking Charge 157
Preliminary Survey and Walkthrough 158
Hand Out Assignments 158
Identifying and Collecting Potential Evidence 158
Crime Scene Dos and Don’ts 159
Communication 161
Dealing With the Bosses 164
The Media 164
Media Cooperation 165
Public Image 168
Shutting Down the Media 168
Summary 169
Questions 170
References 170
Chapter 6. Crime Scene Investigation in Sexual Assaults 172
Crime Scene Investigation 173
Crime Scenes 173
Point of Contact 174
Primary Crime Scene 175
Secondary Crime Scene 176
Intermediate Crime Scene 176
Dumpsite/Disposal Site 176
Locating Crime Scenes 178
Crime Scene Searches 178
Crime Scene Processing 179
Duty of Care 180
Security 180
Chain of Custody 181
Creating the Chain 181
Evidence Dynamics 183
Spoliation of Evidence 183
Evidence Recognition 184
Evidence: What Is It? 184
Macroscopic, Latent, and Microscopic Evidence 184
Preconceived Theories 185
Evidence Documentation 185
Photography 186
Sketching 187
Evidence Collection and Preservation 189
Evidence Technicians and Technology 189
Cross-Contamination 189
Recognition and Collection of Fingerprints 190
Biological Material 192
Buccal Swabs 193
Luminol: The Limitations of Presumptive Blood Testing 194
Evidence Storage 196
Evidence Transportation 196
Myths 196
Victims And Suspects 198
Reconstruction 198
Crime Scene Analysis 198
Forensic Relevance 201
Corpus Delicti 201
Modus Operandi 202
Signature Behavior 202
Linking the Suspect to the Victim 203
Linking a Person to a Crime Scene 203
Disproving or Supporting Witness Testimony 203
Identification of Suspects 204
Providing Investigative Leads 204
Summary 205
Questions 206
References 206
Chapter 7. Interviewing Suspects and Victims 208
Goals 208
Victim-Specific Issues 209
Taking Time 209
Victim Comfort 209
Uncooperative Victims 210
The Wrong Place and the Wrong Time 210
Preinterview Considerations 210
Background Information 210
Background and the Preliminary Victim Interview 211
Time and Location of the Follow-Up Interview 212
Documenting the Interview 214
Memory 214
Notes 214
Virtual Statements by the Investigator 214
Written Accounts from the Victim 214
Audio Recordings 215
The Audio Inhibition Fallacy 215
Video Recording 215
General Interview Guidelines 216
Frame-By-Frame Analysis: An Interview Technique 217
FFA History 217
Use 218
Goals 219
Pre-FFA Victim Interview 219
Advocates and Counselors 220
The FFA Follow-Up 221
FFA: Part 1 221
FFA: Part 2 221
Body Language 222
Suspect Interviews 224
Miranda Warnings 224
Know What You Need 225
Get the Suspect’s Version 225
Plan to Fail 225
Suspect Interview Guidelines 226
Closure 227
Television Behavior 229
Interviewing Children 229
Parents 229
Building Rapport 230
Guidelines for Interviewing Children 230
Basic and Contact Questions 231
Young Male Victims 231
Detecting Deception: the Polygraph 232
False Confessions 234
Summary 237
Questions 238
References 238
Section III. The Victim 240
Chapter 8. Forensic Victimology in Cases of Sexual Assault 242
Forensic Victimology 243
Victim Blame 246
Myths of Victim Culpability and Provocation 246
“Unrapeable” Victims 249
Fighting Back and Psychological Illiteracy 250
The Cumulative Effect 251
Victimology Guidelines 254
Personal Package 255
Digital Package 255
Residence Package 256
Relationship Package 256
Employment Package 257
Financial Package 257
Medical Package 258
Court Package 258
Creating a Timeline: The Last 24 Hours 259
Behavioral Interview 259
Summary 260
Questions 261
References 261
Chapter 9. Eyewitness Reports, Identifications, and Testimony 264
Best Investigative Practice 264
A History Of Unreliability 266
The Problem Of Memory 267
Weapon Focus 268
Facial Recognition 268
Stress 269
Witness Confidence 269
Showups 269
Lineups 270
New Jersey 272
The Mecklenburg Study 272
Probable Cause 273
Case Examples 274
Eddie McDonald 274
Calvin Johnson 277
Jerry Miller 278
Summary 279
Questions 280
References 280
Chapter 10. Rape Trauma Syndrome and the Investigation of Sexual Assault 284
DSM-IV-TR Trauma Diagnoses 285
Types of Trauma 285
Criticisms of PTSD: Diagnostic Overlap 286
Rape Trauma Syndrome 287
The Diversity of Rape 287
Specific Problems with RTS 287
Diagnosing RTS 288
Continued Support for RTS 289
Rape Trauma Syndrome In Courts 290
Rape Trauma Syndrome in Criminal Cases 290
State v. Saldana 290
State v. McGee 290
State v. Marks 291
State v. Allewalt 291
United States v. Carter 291
People v. Taylor/Banks 291
People v. Bennett 291
Keila Pulinario 292
Stephen Hernandez 293
Rape Trauma Syndrome in Civil Cases 294
White v. Violent Crimes Compensation Board 294
Redmond v. Baxley 295
In the Matter of Pittsburgh Action against Rape 295
Case Example: PTSD in a Civil Case 295
The Report of Greg Cooper 296
The Report of Ann Burgess 297
Summary 299
Questions 299
References 299
Chapter 11. False Allegations of Sexual Assault 302
False Reports 303
Historical Context 303
The Law Enforcement Response 306
Frequency of Cases 307
The 2% Myth 307
Published Research 309
Motivations 310
Profit 310
Anger and Revenge 310
Crime Concealment 312
Concealment of Illicit Activities 312
Mitigation of Responsibility 313
Mental Defect—A Contributing Motivational Factor 315
Identifying False Reports 317
Lies 317
Victim History 318
Victim Interview 318
Red Flags 319
Duke University Lacrosse Team Case 320
Summary 324
Questions 324
References 324
Section IV. Physical Evidence 326
Chapter 12. Sexual Assault Examination and Reconstruction 328
The Role of Reconstruction 328
Forensic Nursing 329
Time Constraints 330
Consent Forms 331
The Intake Form 332
Sexual Assault Examination Protocols 334
History 334
Rationale 334
Collecting History 336
Physical Examination: Head to Toe 337
National Institute of Justice Guidelines: Forensic Medical Examination and Evidence Collection Procedures 338
Full Body Photos 342
Physical Injuries 343
Bruise and Other Injury Patterns 344
Inner Thighs 344
Physical Restraint and Bindings 345
Hands and Forearms 346
Neck 346
Knees 349
Breasts 349
Aging Bruises 350
Genital Examination 350
Evidence of Sexual Activity 352
Semen and Sperm 352
Acid Phosphatase 353
P30 353
Sperm 353
DNA 353
Saliva 354
Fecal Matter 354
Condoms 354
Clothing 354
False Positives: Conditions that Mimic Abuse 355
Toxicology 356
Mental Incapacity 356
Substance Abuse 357
Presentation of Findings 357
Summary 358
Questions 359
References 359
Chapter 13. Investigating Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault 362
Introduction 362
Unique Features of the Crime 364
Drug Use and Effects 364
Victim Participation 365
Perpetrator Motives and Behavior 366
The Social Context 367
Investigation of Drug-Facilitated Acquaintance Rape 368
“Date-Rape” Drugs 370
Rohypnol 370
Background 370
Common Names 371
Appearance 371
Uses 371
Effects 371
Toxicology 372
Legal Status 372
?-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 373
Background 373
Common Names 373
Appearance 373
Uses 374
Effects 374
Toxicology 374
Legal Status 374
Summary 375
Questions 376
References 376
Chapter 14. DNA: Investigative Applications 378
DNA and Criminal Investigation 379
Cold Case Investigation 380
CODIS 382
Access to CODIS 382
The CODIS Population 382
CODIS Utility 383
The Evidence Trail 383
DNA Dragnets 386
DNA Sources 388
Sexual Assault Protocols 388
The Crime Scene 388
Do not … 388
Evidence Collection 388
Ultraviolet Lighting 389
Obvious Sources of DNA 390
The Condom Conundrum 390
Saliva 392
Sweat and Other Excretions 393
Hair and Trace Skin 394
Touch DNA 394
DNA with Latent Fingerprint Collection 395
Fetal Tissue as Evidence 396
Abandonment Samples 396
Familial DNA 397
Confounding Issues in DNA Testing 398
Acquaintance Rape 398
Secondary Evidence Transfer 399
Mixed Profiles 399
Partial DNA Profiles 400
Fused Embryos 400
Bone Marrow Transplants 400
General Types of DNA Linkages 401
DNA Hot Hit 401
DNA Case-to-Case Match/Offender Identified (Through Non-CODIS Means) 401
DNA Case-to-Case Match/Offender Not Identified 403
DNA Cold Hit 404
DNA Warm Hit 404
Indicting “John Doe” 405
DNA Defenses 407
“It Wasn’t Me. You Got the Wrong Guy” 407
“It Was Consensual” 407
“Yeah, I Did It Just the Way You Said I Did” 409
The Future of DNA 409
Summary 410
Questions 411
References 411
Section V. The Offender 412
Chapter 15. Rapist Motivations 414
The Importance of Motive 415
Motive vs Intent 416
Theories of Motive 416
Theories of Rape 418
Developmental Issues 419
The Role of Fantasy 419
Behavioral–Motivational Typology 420
Power Reassurance (a.k.a. Compensatory) 421
Verbal Behavior 421
Sexual Behavior 421
Physical Behavior 422
Modus Operandi Behavior 422
Signature Behavior 422
Power Assertive (a.k.a. Entitlement) 424
Verbal Behavior 424
Sexual Behavior 424
Physical Behavior 424
Modus Operandi Behavior 425
Signature Behavior 425
Anger Retaliatory (a.k.a. Anger or Displaced) 425
Verbal Behavior 425
Sexual Behavior 426
Physical Behavior 427
Modus Operandi Behavior 427
Signature Behavior 427
Sadistic (a.k.a. Anger Excitation) 429
Verbal Behavior 429
Sexual Behavior 429
Physical Behavior 430
Modus Operandi Behavior 430
Signature Behavior 430
Administrative (a.k.a. Instrumental) 432
Goal-Directed Behaviors 432
Profit-Oriented Behaviors 432
Verbal Behavior 432
Sexual Behavior 432
Physical Behavior 432
Modus Operandi Behavior 432
Signature Behaviors 433
Psychological Crime Scene Tape 433
Contributing Motivational Factors 434
Summary 435
Questions 435
References 436
Chapter 16. Rapist Modus Operandi and Signature 438
Stages of Rape 439
Targeting 439
Testing (a.k.a. Approach) 439
Threatening 439
Sexual Assault 440
Termination 440
Modus Operandi 440
Elements of Modus Operandi 441
Planning/Preparation 442
Precautionary Acts 444
Opportunistic Elements 445
Influences on Modus Operandi 446
Fortifying Factors 446
Destabilizing Factors 447
X-Factors 447
Offender Signature 450
Repetition 450
Distinguishing MO and Signature Behavior 450
Items Taken 451
Evidentiary Items 451
Valuables 451
Personal Items 452
Modus Operandi and Signature in Fetish Burglary 453
Victim/Target Selection 454
Target Location 454
Victim Selection 455
Exploitation of Trust 456
Offender Departure Strategies 459
Conclusion 460
Summary 461
Questions 461
References 462
Chapter 17. Investigating Serial Rape 464
Defining Serial Rape 464
Identifying Serial Rape Patterns 465
Failure to Connect 465
Case Linkage 468
Behavioral Dissimilarity 469
Investigative Linkage 470
Behavioral Commonality 470
Probative Link 470
Public Safety and Awareness 471
The Typical Serial Rapist 474
Identifying Serial Rapists 477
Catching Serial Rapists 480
Leadership 480
Task Force 480
Crime Scenes 481
Case Dump 482
Victim Updates 482
Suspect Photo ID Database 482
Task Force Meetings 483
Evidence Chart 483
Rape Kits 483
Chart of Items Worn and Taken 485
Victimology 485
Managing Suspects 485
Fame and Glory 486
Fresh Eyes 486
Using the Media 487
Criminal Profiling 492
Summary 493
Questions 494
References 494
Chapter 18. Sex Crimes on Trial 496
Responsibility To The Case 496
Ethics 497
Investigative Report Writing 499
The Prosecutor 500
Reasonable Doubt 500
Prosecutorial Options 501
In the Absence of Physical Evidence … 502
The Impact of Myths at Trial 503
Working with the Prosecutor’s Office 503
The Defense 504
No Sexual Penetration 504
Mistaken Identity 506
Proper Suspect Identification 507
Lineups 507
Herman Atkins 512
The Consent Case 513
Lead Investigator’S Court-Ready Guidelines 516
Testimony And Court Appearance 517
Conclusion 519
Summary 519
Questions 520
References 521
Appendix I. OCJP 923: Forensic Medical Report 522
Appendix II. OCJP 950: Forensic Medical Report 532
Appendix III. People v. Oliver Jovanovic: From Cybersex to Sexual Assault Allegations 538
What Happened? 539
Assessing The Allegation 541
Behavioral Analysis 543
Linguistic Analysis 545
Physical Evidence Analysis 550
Summary 551
References 551
Appendix IV. Forensic Case Studies: False Reports of Sexual Assault 552
California v. A.B. 553
Findings 554
Discussion 554
References 556
Oregon v. Kevin Driscoll 557
Purpose 557
Crime Reconstruction 557
Victim History 559
Materials Examined 560
Findings 562
Discussion of Findings 562
References 567
Glossary 568
Subject Index 576
A 576
B 576
C 576
D 577
E 578
F 578
G 578
H 578
I 579
K 579
L 579
M 579
N 580
O 580
P 580
R 580
S 581
T 582
U 582
V 582
W 582
Z 582