Cancer Imaging (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Cancer Imaging: Instrumentation and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contents of Volume 1 28
Contributors 32
Preface 48
Selected Glossary 52
Part I: Instrumentation 60
Chapter 1.1 Proton Computed Tomography 62
Introduction 62
Review of Prior Studies on Proton Imaging 63
Image Formation Principles of Proton Computed Tomography 63
Detector Design and Data Acquisition for Proton Computed Tomography 67
Image Reconstruction Algorithms 68
Discussion and Conclusions 73
Acknowledgments 75
References 75
Chapter 1.2 Multidetector Computed Tomography 76
Introduction 76
Evolution of Computed Tomography 76
Basic Physics of Multidetector Computed Tomography and Image Quality 77
Artifacts in Multidetector Computed Tomography 78
Radiation Dose Considerations 79
Electrocardiogram-Gated Multidetector Computed Tomography 79
Use of Intravenous Contrast in Multidetector Computed Tomography Oncologic Imaging 80
Three-Dimensional and Multiplanar Reformations 81
Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering 82
Volumetric Analysis of Lesions 83
Computer-Aided Detection 84
References 84
Chapter 1.3 Megavoltage Computed Tomography Imaging 86
Introduction 86
Fundamentals of Megavoltage Imaging 87
Design and Performance Characteristics of Tomotherapy Megavoltage Computed Tomography 88
Clinical Implementation of Megavoltage Computed Tomography 90
Use of Megavoltage Computed Tomography for Daily Alignment: Head and Neck Cancers 90
Adaptive Image Guidance: Lung Cancers 91
Image-Based Volumetric Dose Calculations: Prostate Cancer 92
Image-Based Volumetric Dose Calculations: Intracavitary Brachytherapy 92
References 93
Chapter 1.4 Integrated SET-3000G/X Positron Emission Tomography Scanner 96
Introduction 96
System Description 97
Continuous Emission and Spiral Transmission Scanning 98
PET/CT System with cEST Scanning 99
Discussion 100
References 101
Chapter 1.5 High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 104
Introduction 104
Samples 105
Spectral Analysis 106
Results 107
Discussion 107
References 109
Chapter 1.6 Spatial Dependency of Noise and Its Correlation among Various Imaging Modalities 112
Introduction 112
Impact of Noise in Images 112
Noise 113
Noise Variation 114
Noise Correlation 114
Autocorrelation Function 115
Noise Correlation in Various Modalities 116
Discussion 117
References 118
Chapter 1.7 Computed Tomography Scan Methods Account for Respiratory Motion in Lung Cancer 120
Introduction 120
Slow Scan Computed Tomography vs. Fast Scan Computed Tomography 120
Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography 121
Respiratory Gating Computed Tomography 123
Volumetric Cine Computed Tomography 123
Respiratory-Correlated Segment Computed Tomography 124
References 126
Chapter 1.8 Respiratory Motion Artifact Using Positron Emission Tomography/ Computed Tomography 128
Introduction 128
Origin of the Artifact 128
Appearance of the Artifact 129
Consequences of the Artifact 131
Avoiding the Effects of the Artifact 133
References 137
Chapter 1.9 Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media Used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Overview 140
Introduction 140
Mechanism of Action 140
Classification 140
Clinical Safety 141
Other Applications 142
References 142
Chapter 1.10 Molecular Imaging of Cancer with Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles 144
Introduction 144
Iron Oxide Core and Superparamagnetism 145
Synthesis and Coating 145
Biocompatibility and Biodistribution 146
Cell Tracking 147
Organ-Specific/Passive Targeting 147
Active Targeting 149
Apoptosis 150
Magnetic Relaxation Switches 150
Imaging of Gene Expression 152
High-Throughput Screening 152
References 152
Chapter 1.11 Adverse Reactions to Iodinated Contrast Media 156
Introduction 156
Acute General Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media 156
Delayed General Adverse Reactions to Contrast Media 159
Contrast Media-Induced Nephrotoxicity 160
Contrast Media Interactions with Other Drugs and Clinical Tests 162
Conclusion 164
References 164
Part II: General Imaging Applications 166
Chapter 2.1 The Accuracy of Diagnostic Radiology 168
Introduction 168
Traditional Methods of Measuring Diagnostic Accuracy 168
Signal Detection Theory 170
Mammography Screening: Misses and False Alarms 172
Mammography Screening: Radiologists and Pathologists 173
Screening Mammography with Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) 174
Conclusion 176
References 176
Chapter 2.2 Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging: Applications to Medicine 178
Introduction 178
Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging System 178
Principles of Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging 179
Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging Contrast Mechanisms 180
Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging Contrast Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Specimens 181
Diffraction-Enhanced Imaging Conventional Radiography: Comparison of Contrast Mechanisms in Breast Cancer Specimens 181
References 184
Chapter 2.3 Role of Imaging in Drug Development 186
Introduction 186
Drug Development 186
Role of Imaging 189
Technical Considerations 193
Applications 195
Discussion 197
References 198
Chapter 2.4 Characterization of Multiple Aspects of Tumor Physiology by Multitracer Positron Emission Tomography 200
Introduction 200
PET Tracers and Imaging Targets 201
Complementary Value of Imaging Multiple Tracers 203
Technical Challenges for Imaging Multiple Tracers 206
The Future: Rapid Multitracer Positron Emission Tomography 208
References 211
Chapter 2.5 Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Metastases 214
Introduction 214
Methodology of Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging 215
Clinical Results of Whole-Body MRI for Tumor Staging 216
References 218
Chapter 2.6 Whole-Body Imaging in Oncology: Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) 220
Introduction 220
Technical Considerations 221
Clinical Considerations 222
References 227
Chapter 2.7 Whole-Body Cancer Imaging: Simple Image Fusion with Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography 228
Introduction 228
Hardware and Software Fusion 228
Fusion Technique for Cancer Imaging 229
Advanced Fusion with Advanced Software 231
References 232
Chapter 2.8 Whole-Body Tumor Imaging: O-[11C] Methyl-L-Tyrosine/Positron Emission Tomography 234
Introduction 234
Development of O-[11C]Methyl-k-Tyrosine 235
Whole-Body Tumor Imaging Using OMT Compared with FDG 235
Brain Tumor Imaging Using OMT Compared with MET 237
Conclusion 238
References 238
Chapter 2.9 Tumor Proliferation: 2-[11C]-Thymidine Positron Emission Tomography 240
Introduction 240
[11C]-Thymidine Positron Tomography Methodology 241
Historical Development of Thymidine Positron Emission Tomography 242
Validation Studies 242
[11C]-MethyI-Thymidine 244
2-[11C]-Thymidine 244
Validation of 2-[11C]-Thymidine Positron Emission Tomography in Patients 245
Development and Application of Kinetic Models 245
Kinetic Analysis of 2-[11C]-Thymidine Positron Emission Tomography Images 246
Pharmacodynamic Studies 246
Comparison of 2-[11C]-Thymidine with FDG-PET and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 246
2-[11C]-Thymidine PET to Detect Antitumor Activity in Clinical Drug Trials 247
Discussion and Summary 247
References 248
Chapter 2.10 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Oncology: Advantages and Limitations 252
Introduction 252
Mechanisms of 18FDG Uptake 252
18SFDG PET Uptake Patterns 253
Advantages of 18FDG PET 254
Limitations of 18FDG PET 255
Clinical Indications 257
Acknowledgments 258
References 258
Chapter 2.11 Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia and Angiogenesis: Imaging Biology and Guiding Therapy 260
Introduction 260
Hypoxia-Induced Changes in Tumor Behavior 261
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) 261
Angiogenesis 261
Tumor Hypoxia and Clinical Outcome: New Approach to an Old Problem 262
The Importance of Identifying Hypoxia in Tumors 262
Methods to Evaluate Tumor Hypoxia 262
Polarographic Electrode Measurements of Tissue Oxygenation 263
Evaluating Angiogenesis 263
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Hypoxia Imaging 263
Summary 266
Acknowledgments 266
References 266
Chapter 2.12 Noninvasive Determination of Angiogenesis: Molecular Targets and Tracer Development 270
Introduction 270
Possible Targets for Imaging Angiogenesis 272
Summary and Conclusion 278
References 279
Chapter 2.13 Gross Tumor Volume and Clinical Target Volume: Anatomical Computed Tomography and Functional FDG-PET 284
Introduction 284
Radioprotection of the Patient 285
Method 286
Discussion 288
Problems and Their Solutions 290
Expected Improvement 292
References 292
Chapter 2.14 Post-Treatment Changes in Tumor Microenvironment: Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging 294
Introduction 294
Contrast Media 295
Acquisition of T1 Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Data 296
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced-MRI in Experimental Oncology 297
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced-MRI in Clinical Oncology 298
Limitations 299
Conclusions and Perspectives 299
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging 300
References 305
Chapter 2.15 In Vivo Molecular Imaging in Oncology: Principles of Reporter Gene Expression Imaging 308
Introduction 308
Reporter Gene Expression Imaging: A Subfield of Molecular Imaging 309
Principles of Reporter Gene Expression Imaging 309
Categories of Reporter Gene Expression Imaging Systems 311
Principles of Optical Reporter Gene Imaging in Living Subjects 312
Instrumentation and Techniques for Bioluminescence Imaging 314
Future Outlook 316
References 317
Chapter 2.16 Medical Radiation-Induced Cancer 320
Introduction 320
Diagnostic Radiation Exposure 320
Therapeutic Radiation Exposure 321
Discussion 323
References 323
Part III: Applications to Specific Cancers 326
Chapter 3.1 Adrenal Lesions: Role of Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography, and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography 328
Introduction 328
Computed Tomography 330
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 332
Positron Emission Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography 333
Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy 335
Summary 336
References 336
Chapter 3.2 Hemangioendothelioma: Whole-Body Technetium-99m Red Blood Cell Imaging-Magnetic Resonance Imaging 340
Introduction 340
Histopathologic Classification 341
Clinical Presentation and Radiology of Hemangioendothelioma 341
Technetium-99m Red Blood Cell Imaging 343
Summary 346
References 348
Chapter 3.3 Malignant Bone Involvement: Assessment Using Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography 350
Introduction 350
SPECT and PET Imaging of Malignant Bone Involvement: Technological and Radiochemical Aspects 351
Imaging of Bone Involvement in Common Human Malignancies 356
References 360
Chapter 3.4 Bone Metastasis: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography 364
Introduction 364
Bone Metastasis 365
Technical Aspects for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography 366
Clinical Applications for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography Fusion 367
References 369
Chapter 3.5 Bone Cancer: Comparison of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography with Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 370
Introduction 370
What Is 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography? 371
What Is Bone Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography? 371
FDG-PET vs. Bone SPECT for Bone Metastases in Various Human Malignancies 373
Summary 377
References 378
Chapter 3.6 Bone Metastasis in Endemic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 380
Introduction 380
Diagnosis and Staging 381
Management 382
Bone Metastasis 383
References 385
Chapter 3.7 Colorectal Polyps: Magnetic Resonance Colonography 386
Colorectal Cancer Screening 386
Virtual Colonoscopy 386
Magnetic Resonance Colonography 387
Future Directions 390
References 391
Chapter 3.8 Early Bile Duct Carcinoma: Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, Cholangiography, and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiography 394
Introduction 394
Pathology of Early Bile Duct Cancer 394
Sonographic Features 394
Computed Tomography Features 395
Cholangiography and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiographic Features 395
Cholangiographic Features 395
Comparison between Pathology and Imaging 396
References 396
Chapter 3.9 Incidental Extracolonic Lesions: Computed Tomography 398
Introduction 398
Computed Tomography Colonography Technique 399
Minimal Preparation Computed Tomography Technique 399
Extracolonic Findings in Computed Tomography Colonography and Minimum Preparation Computed Tomography 399
Comparison of Reported Studies 405
Practical Implications and Handling of Extracolonic Findings in Specific Organs 406
Conclusions 411
References 412
Chapter 3.10 Colorectal Cancer: Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Cellular and Molecular Imaging 414
Introduction 414
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Basic Principles 414
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Colorectal Cancer in Clinical Use 415
Imaging Strategies for the Future 419
Conclusion 421
References 421
Chapter 3.11 Potential New Staging Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer: Whole-Body PET/ CT-Colonography 424
Introduction 424
Indications 425
Patient Preparation and Imaging Procedure 425
Image Evaluation 426
Clinical Experience 426
Perspectives and Considerations 427
Possible Indications and Perspectives 429
Limitations and Conclusion 430
References 430
Chapter 3.12 Thoracic Esophageal Cancer: Interstitial Magnetic Lymphography Using Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide 432
Introduction 432
Method 433
Discussion 434
Reference 435
Chapter 3.13 Esophageal Cancer: Comparison of 18F-Fluoro-3-Deoxy-3-L-Fluorothymidine-Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 438
Introduction 438
Materials and Methods 439
Results 440
Discussion 441
References 441
Chapter 3.14 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Positron Emission Tomography and Contrast-Enhanced Helical Computed Tomography 444
Introduction 444
Imaging Techniques to Localize and Monitor Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors 444
Use of Imatinib in Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors 445
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography 445
Metabolic and Morphological Imaging 447
References 448
Chapter 3.15 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Computed Tomography 450
Introduction 450
Pathologic Features 450
Clinical Features 451
Computed Tomography Features 451
Conclusion 452
References 452
Chapter 3.16 Gastrointestinal Lipomas: Computed Tomography 454
Introduction 454
Computed Tomography 455
Other Imaging Methods 456
References 456
Chapter 3.17 Computed Tomography in Peritoneal Surface Malignancy 458
Introduction 458
Computed Tomography Diagnosis 459
Computed Tomography Patient Selection 461
Interpretive Computer Tomography Classification of the Small Bowel and Its Mesentery 461
Acknowledgments 463
References 463
Chapter 3.18 Gastrointestinal Tumors: Computed Tomography/Endoscopic Ultrasonography 466
Introduction 466
Tumor Size 467
Problems in Staging Classification 467
Preoperative Three-Dimensional Structure and Volumetry of Gastrointestinal Tumors 467
Future Prospects 468
References 469
Chapter 3.19 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography 472
Introduction 472
Principles, Techniques, and Pitfalls 473
Pancreas 474
Biliary Tract 479
References 480
Chapter 3.20 Occult Primary Head and Neck Carcinoma: Role of Positron Emission Tomography Imaging 482
Introduction 482
Evaluation 483
Positron Emission Tomography 484
Panendoscopy 485
Treatment 485
Unknown Primary Adenocarcinoma 486
Melanoma of Unknown Primary Tumor 487
Cystic Metastatic Disease in the Neck 488
Conclusions/Future Direction 488
References 488
Chapter 3.21 Benign and Malignant Nodes in the Neck: Magnetic Resonance Microimaging 490
Introduction 490
Technical Details 490
Anatomy of the Lymph Node 491
Metastatic Nodes 491
Nodal Lymphomas and Infectious Lymphadenopathy 493
Imaging Strategy for Diagnosing Lymphadenopathy in the Neck 493
References 494
Chapter 3.22 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Comparison of Computed Tomography with Magnetic Resonance Imaging 496
Introduction 496
Methods 498
Results 500
Discussion 501
Conclusion 503
References 503
Chapter 3.23 Computed Tomography in Renal Cell Carcinoma 504
Introduction 504
Multidetector Computed Tomography Technique 504
Staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma 506
Role of Multidetector Computed Tomography in Conservative Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma 509
Multidetector Computed Tomography of Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma 510
Multidetector Computed Tomography Features of Specific Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma 511
Differential Diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Multidetector Computed Tomography 511
Radiation Dose Associated with Multidetector Computed Tomography of Renal Cell Carcinoma 513
References 513
Chapter 3.24 Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes: Multislice Computed Tomography 516
Introduction 516
Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes 516
Multislice Computerized Tomography 519
Differentiation of RCC Subtypes by MDCT 520
Discussion 521
References 524
Chapter 3.25 Renal Impairment: Comparison of Noncontrast Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Urography, and Combined Abdominal Radiography/ Ultrasonography 526
Introduction 526
Combined Plain Abdominal Radiography and Ultrasonography 527
Noncontrast Computed Tomography 528
Magnetic Resonance Urography 528
Materials and Methods 530
Results 531
Discussion and Conclusion 531
References 532
Chapter 3.26 Renal Lesions: Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 534
Introduction 534
Technique 535
Renal Diffusion 537
Renal Normal Parenchyma 537
References 541
Chapter 3.27 Malignant Lymphoma: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 544
Introduction 544
Principle and Methods 544
Positron Emission Tomography and Staging 545
Positron Emission Tomography and Early Response to Therapy 545
Post-Therapy Positron Emission Tomography 546
Positron Emission Tomography before Transplantation 547
Positron Emission Tomography and Radiotherapy and Radioimmunotherapy 547
Positron Emission Tomography and Relapse 548
References 548
Chapter 3.28 Malignant Melanoma: Positron Emission Tomography 550
Introduction 550
Positron Emission Tracers 551
Receptor-Specific PET Tracers 553
Conclusion 554
References 555
Chapter 3.29 Multiple Myeloma: Scintigraphy Using Technetium-99m-2- Methoxyisobutylisonitrile 558
Introduction 558
Technetium-99m-MIBI Scintigraphy 559
References 563
Chapter 3.30 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma" 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 564
Introduction 564
Pretreatment Evaluation 565
Post-Treatment Tumor Evaluation 567
Response to Radiotherapy 567
Response to Chemotherapy 568
Residual or Recurrent Tumor 569
Radiation-Induced Complications 570
Conclusion 570
References 570
Chapter 3.31 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma for Staging and Re-Staging with 18F-FDG-PET/CT 572
Introduction 572
Methods: Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging Protocol 573
Results and Discussion 573
References 579
Chapter 3.32 Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 582
Introduction 582
Granulosa Cell Tumors 582
Fibroma, Fibrothecoma, and Thecoma 583
Sclerosing Stromal Tumor of Ovary 583
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor 584
Steroid Cell Tumor 584
Summary 584
References 584
Chapter 3.33 Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 586
Introduction 586
Dermoid Cyst with Malignant Transformation 586
Immature Teratoma 587
Dysgerminoma 588
Endodermal Sinus Tumor 588
Choriocarcinoma 589
Embryonal Carcinoma 589
Malignant Mixed Germ Cell Tumors 589
References 590
Chapter 3.34 Ovarian Small Round Cell Tumors: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 592
Introduction 592
Imaging Findings 592
References 594
Chapter 3.35 Ovarian Borderline Serous Surface Papillary Tumor: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 596
Introduction 596
Discussion 597
References 598
Chapter 3.36 Chronic Pancreatitis versus Pancreatic Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography 600
Introduction 600
Usefulness of FDG-PET 601
Limitations of FDG-PET 601
Differential Diagnosis between Pancreatic Cancer and Inflammatory Pancreatic Lesions 601
Is There Any Better Tracer Than FDG? 602
Conclusions and Future Perspective 604
References 604
Chapter 3.37 Pancreatic Cancer: p-[123l] Iodo-L-Phenylalanine Single Photon Emission Tomography for Tumor Imaging 606
Introduction 606
Materials and Methods 607
Results 610
Discussion 612
Acknowledgments 614
References 614
Chapter 3.38 Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors: Endoscopic Ultrasonography 616
Introduction 616
Classification of Islet Cell Tumors 616
Detection and Localization by Endoscopic Ultrasonography 617
Endoscopic Ultrasonographic Findings of Islet Cell Tumors 617
Atypical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis 619
References 621
Chapter 3.39 Parotid Gland Tumors: Advanced Imaging Technologies 622
Introduction 622
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging 623
Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Calculation 624
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (1H-MRS) 624
Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy 625
Benign Parotid Tumors 625
Malignant Parotid Tumors 628
References 631
Chapter 3.40 Pituitary Macroadenomas: Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Endonasal Endoscopy 634
Introduction 634
Methods 634
Results 636
Discussion 636
Future Directions 638
References 638
Chapter 3.41 Penile Cancer Staging: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography 640
Introduction 640
Etiology, Histology, and Staging 641
Therapy 641
Diagnostics of the Primary Malignancy 641
Lymph Node Metastases 641
Scintigraphic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy 642
Conventional Imaging Modalities for Staging of Penile Cancer 642
PET and PET/CT for Staging of Penile Cancer 642
Summary 643
References 644
Chapter 3.42 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: [18F] Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 646
Introduction 646
Standard Diagnostic Procedures 647
Treatment and Outcome 647
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor 648
Summary 651
References 651
Chapter 3.43 Prostate Cancer: 11C-Choline-Positron Emission Tomography 654
Introduction 654
Principle and Methods 655
11C-Choline PET for Intraprostatic Tumor Localization 655
11 C-Choline PET for Staging of Prostate Cancer 656
11C-Choline PET for Detection of Prostate Cancer Recurrence 657
Acknowledgments 659
References 659
Chapter 3.44 Metabolic Characterization of Prostate Cancer: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 662
Introduction 662
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 663
Current Techniques 667
Current In Vivo Prostate Cancer Spectroscopy 668
Future Directions 671
Acknowledgment 672
References 672
Chapter 3.45 Prostate Cancer: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 674
Introduction 674
Basics and Recent Advances of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 674
Current Problems and Future Directions of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 675
References 677
Chapter 3.46 Prostatic Secretory Protein of 94 Amino Acids Gene-Directed Transgenic Prostate Cancer: Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Microimaging 678
Introduction 678
Brief Review of PSP94 679
PSP94 Gene-Directed Genetically Engineered Mouse Prostate Cancer Models 680
Microimaging of GE-PC Mouse Models: Importance of Noninvasive Techniques 681
PSP-TGMAP Microimaging Methods 682
Results of PSP-TGMAP Imaging Studies 683
Future Directions: Imaging of Prostate Tumor Vascularity 684
References 686
Chapter 3.47 Prostate Cancer within the Transition Zone: Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging 688
Introduction 688
Methods 689
Results 690
Discussion 692
References 693
Chapter 3.48 Rectal Wall Invasion of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Transrectal Ultrasound 696
Introduction 696
Selection of Patients for Radical Surgery 697
Determining the Appropriate Surgical Procedure 697
References 699
Chapter 3.49 Local Staging of Prostate Cancer Using Endorectal Coil Magnetic Resonance Imaging 700
Introduction 700
Tumor Characteristics 700
Grading and Partin Tables 701
Prognostic Factors 701
Staging of Prostate Cancer 702
Imaging Techniques in Staging 703
Endorectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Local Staging of Prostate Cancer 704
Conclusion 711
References 711
Chapter 3.50 Extremity Sarcoma: Positron Emission Tomography 714
Introduction 714
Evolution of FDG-PET in Extremity Sarcoma 715
Role of FDG-PET in the Differential Diagnosis of Connective Tissue Lesions 716
Role of FDG-PET in Grading Soft Tissue Sarcoma 717
Role of FDG-PET in Directing Biopsy 717
Role of FDG-PET in Predicting Sarcoma-Specific Death 718
Role of FDG-PET in Monitoring Response to Therapy 719
Bone Sarcoma 720
Role of FDG-PET in Evaluating Sarcoma Recurrence 721
Future Directions 723
References 723
Chapter 3.51 Retroperitoneal Synovial Sarcoma: Color Doppler Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 726
Introduction 726
Radiologic Findings 727
Conclusion 728
References 728
Chapter 3.52 Thymoma: Computed Tomography 730
Introduction 730
Computed Tomography 732
Therapy 736
Conclusions 737
References 737
Chapter 3.53 Hemolymphangiomatosis of the Spleen: Conventional Diagnostic Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Superparamagnetic Contrast Agent 740
Introduction 740
Pathology 741
Imaging 741
Differential Diagnosis and Conclusions 742
References 744
Chapter 3.54 Thyroid Cancer: 18F-FDG-Positron Emission Tomography 746
Introduction 746
Assessment of Thyroid Nodules 746
Thyroid Positron Emission Tomography Incidentaloma 748
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma 748
Hürthle Cell Carcinoma 752
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer 753
Medullary Thyroid Cancer 753
Summary and Conclusions 754
References 755
Chapter 3.55 Thyroid Cancer: ~SF-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D- Glucose Positron Emission Tomography (An Overview) 758
Introduction 758
18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography 760
Biological Mechanism of the Enhanced FDG-Uptake in Thyroid Cancer 760
FDG-PET in the Diagnostic Assessment of a Thyroid Nodule 761
FDG-PET in the Follow-Up of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer 761
FDG-PET in Medullary Thyroid Cancer 763
FDG-PET in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer 764
Thyroid FDG-PET Incidentaloma 764
References 764
Chapter 3.56 Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer in Children: Value of Power Doppler Ultrasound 766
Introduction 766
Pathogenesis 767
Clinical Presentation 767
Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging 767
Benign Thyroid Lesions 768
Thyroid Cancer 770
References 770
Index 772