Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Anthropogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds 14
I. Introduction 15
II. Combustion Processes 16
III. Mining, Treatment, Storage and Distribution of Fossil Fuels 26
IV. Solvent Use 31
V. Industrial Processes 36
VI. Biological Processes 37
VII. Modelling Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 38
VIII. Emission Data 42
IX. Conclusions 50
References 51
Chapter 2. Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Higher Plants 54
I. Introduction 56
II. Ethylene: A Volatile Plant Hormone 61
III. Isoprene and Methylbutenol: Light-Dependent Hemi- terpenes of Uncertain Function 65
IV. Monoterpenes: Structurally Diverse, Multifunctional Isoprenoids 78
V. C6 Aldehydes and Alcohols: Products of Leaf Damage and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation 84
VI. C1 to C3 Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds: By-Products of Central Plant Metabolism 89
VII. Emission from the Plant to the Atmosphere 95
VIII. Concluding Remarks and Uncertainties 99
References 104
Chapter 3. Modeling Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions to the Atmosphere 110
I. Emission Modeling 111
II. Isoprene 114
III. Monoterpenes 124
IV. Other Volatile Organic Compounds 126
V. Conclusions 128
References 129
Chapter 4. The Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere 132
I. Introduction 133
II. Sampling Methods 134
III. Analytical Methods 149
IV. Summary 165
References 166
Chapter 5. Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere at Urban and Regional Scales 172
I. Introduction 173
II. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Troposphere 176
III. Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds at the Urban Scale 193
IV. Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds at the Regional Scale 199
V. Conclusions 214
References 214
Chapter 6. Global Distribution of Reactive Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere 222
I. Introduction 223
II. Campaigns 224
III. Vertical Distribution 231
IV. Ground-Level Distributions 243
V. Conclusions 271
References 272
Chapter 7. Reactive Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Air Pollution 280
I. Introduction 281
II. Reactive Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Ozone Formation 282
III. Reactivity Scales 297
IV. Conclusions 300
References 302
Chapter 8. Global Atmospheric Chemistry of Reactive Hydrocarbons 306
I. Hydroxyl Radical 307
II. Methane Oxidation 309
III. Chemical Lifetimes in the Methane Oxidation Chain 319
IV. Nonmethane Organics in the Global Atmosphere 320
V. Ozone Formation in the Troposphere 327
VI. Conclusions 330
References 330
Index 334