Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters (eBook)

Preface 
5 
About the Editor 
8 
Acknowledgements 
9 
Contributors 
10 
Table of Contents 
13 
1 Natural and Anthropogenic 
 
15 
1. INTRODUCTION 
15 
2. DEFINING DISASTER-RELATED TERMS 
17 
2.1 Disaster and Its Characteristics 
18 
2.2 Hazard 
18 
2.3 Risk 
19 
2.4 Vulnerability 
19 
2.5 Resilience 
20 
2.6 Safe 
20 
2.7 Composite Disaster 
20 
2.8 Humanitarian Crisis 
21 
2.9 Disaster Risk Management and Coping Capacity 
21 
2.10 Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Resilient Community 
21 
2.11 Structural and Non-Structural Measures 
21 
3. IMPACT OF DISASTERS: RICH VERSUS POOR NATIONS 
22 
4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 
24 
4.1 Historical Perspective 
24 
4.2 Global Recognition 
26 
4.3 Modern Approaches 
27 
4.3.1 Mitigation Phase 
27 
4.3.2 Preparedness Phase 
28 
4.3.3 Response Phase 
28 
4.3.4 Recovery Phase 
28 
REFERENCES 
29 
2 Earthquakes in India: Hazards, 
 
31 
1. INTRODUCTION 
31 
2. GENESIS OF EARTHQUAKES 
32 
3. REVIEW OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN THE HIMALAYA AND INDIAN SHIELD REGION 
34 
3.1 Seismicity of the Himalayan Region 
35 
3.1.1 Historical Earthquakes of Himalaya 
35 
3.1.2 Pre-Historical Earthquakes of Himalaya 
39 
3.1.3 Earthquakes Reported from Paleoseismologicallnvestigations in the 
 
41 
3.2 Indian Shield Region Earthquakes 
41 
3.2.1 1819 Rann of Kachchh Earthquake 
42 
3.2.2 1969 Bhadrachalam Earthquake 
43 
3.2.3 1967 Koyna Earthquake 
43 
3.2.4 1993 Killari Earthquake 
43 
3.2.5 1997 Jabalpur Earthquake 
44 
3.2.6 2001 Bhuj Earthquake 
44 
3.3 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake 
44 
4. GEODETIC CONSTRAINTS ON INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION IN THE 
 
45 
5. GEODETIC CONSTRAINTS ON INTERSEISMIC DEFORMATION IN THE 
 
46 
6. HIMALAYAN SEISMIC GAP AND ASSOCIATED SEISMIC HAZARD 
46 
7. SEISMIC HAZARD AND ITS MITIGATION 
50 
8. EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM 
51 
9. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
52 
REFERENCES 
53 
3 Impact of 2004 Tsunami on 
 
 
 
58 
1. INTRODUCTION 
58 
2. SIMULATION OF TSUNAMI OCCURRENCE 
59 
3. OVERVIEW OF AMPARA DISTRICT 
59 
4. DAMAGES IN AMPARA DISTRICT 
60 
5. INVOLVEMENT OF NGOS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES 
 
60 
6. SOLID WASTE CLEANING 
60 
7. SANITATION STATUS 
62 
8. WATER SUPPLIES 
64 
8.1 Water Trucking Supply 
64 
8.2 Salt Pollution of Groundwater 
66 
8.3 Water Supply Network 
68 
8.4 Well Cleaning and Rehabilitation 
69 
9. CONCLUSIONS 
69 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
70 
REFERENCES 
70 
4 Impact of December 2004 
 
 
74 
1. INTRODUCTION 
74 
2. TSUNAMI: MECHANISMS AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 
75 
3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE STUDIES ON 2004 TSUNAMI 
77 
3.1 Studies Conducted in Foreign Countries 
77 
3.2 Studies Conducted along Indian Coasts 
78 
4. IMPACT OF 2004 TSUNAMI ON INDIAN COASTS 
79 
4.1 Southwest Coast 
79 
4.1.1 Kerala 
80 
4.1.2 Tamil Nadu 
83 
4.2 Southeast Coast 
84 
4.2.1 Southeast Coast of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry 
85 
4.2.2 Coast of Andhra Pradesh 
87 
4.3 Southwest Coast 
88 
5. REHABILITATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE 
 
90 
6. TSUNAMI DISASTER REDUCTION AND PREPAREDNESS 
91 
7. CONCLUSIONS 
92 
REFERENCES 
93 
5 Tsunami Impacts and 
 
 
 
96 
1. INTRODUCTION 
96 
2. METHODOLOGY 
98 
2.1 On-the-Ground Guidance of Well Cleaning and Awareness Raising on 
 
98 
2.2 Monitoring of Salinity in Drinking Water Wells in Affected Areas 
100 
2.3 Field Monitoring of the Impact of the First Rains after the Tsunami on 
 
101 
2.4 Household Survey 
101 
2.5 Detailed Studies of the Physical Processes Related to Saltwater 
 
101 
2.5.1 Field, Laboratory and Numerical Modeling Experiments 
102 
2.5.2 Field Investigations of the Comparative Process of Recovery of the 
 
103 
2.6 Development of Internationally Endorsed Guidelines on Well Cleaning 
 
103 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
103 
3.1 Salinity in Drinking Water Wells in the Affected Areas 
103 
3.2 Impact of the First Rains after the Tsunami on Groundwater and Lagoon 
 
104 
3.3 Findings of Household Survey 
105 
3.4 Results of the Detailed Studies on the Physical Processes Related to 
 
107 
3.4.1 Findings of Field, Laboratory and Numerical Modeling Experiments 
107 
3.4.2 Recovery of the Groundwater Quality in Undisturbed and Disturbed Areas 
109 
3.5 Guidelines on Well Cleaning and Groundwater Protection after 
 
110 
4. RECOMMENDATIONS 
110 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
110 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
111 
REFERENCES 
111 
6 Tsunami Early Warning System: 
 
114 
1. INTRODUCTION 
114 
2. REVIEW ON TSUNAMIS AFFECTING THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 
116 
3. CURRENT STATUS OF TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM FOR 
 
117 
4. ORGANIZATION OF TRAVEL TIME CHARTS 
118 
5. COMPUTATION AND DESCRIPTION OF TSUNAMI TRAVEL TIME CHARTS 
120 
6. APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IN 
 
123 
7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL FOR TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIME PREDICTION 
124 
7.1 Data for Artificial Neural Network 
125 
7.2 Network Learning Principles and Algorithms 
131 
7.3 Back-Propagation Learning 
131 
7.4 Resilient Back-Propagation Learning 
131 
8. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND PARAMETERS 
132 
8.1 Network Architecture 
132 
8.2 Network Parameters 
133 
8.3 Training and Testing of ANN Model 
133 
9. SIMULATION RESULTS 
133 
10. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
135 
REFERENCES 
137 
7 Flood Hazards in India and 
 
140 
1. INTRODUCTION 
140 
2. FLOOD HAZARD IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW 
141 
3. CAUSES AND TYPES OF FLOODING 
141 
4. AREAS PRONE TO FLOODING 
144 
4.1 Brahmaputra River Region 
144 
4.2 Ganga River Region 
145 
4.3 North-West Rivers Region 
147 
4.4 Central India and Deccan Region 
147 
4.5 Urban Flooding 
148 
4.6 Coastal Flooding 
148 
5. MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR RIVER FLOODS 
148 
5.1 Prevention from Floods 
149 
5.2 Adaptation to Flooding 
151 
5.3 Mitigation of Flood Disaster Losses 
153 
6. MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR COASTAL FLOODS 
153 
6.1 Protection from Floods 
153 
6.2 Adaptation to Flooding 
154 
6.3 Mitigation of Flood Disaster Losses 
156 
7. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION 
156 
7.1 National Policy on Disaster Management 
156 
7.2 Mitigation and Preparedness Plans/Measures 
157 
8. CONCLUSIONS 
158 
REFERENCES 
158 
8 Modeling for Flood Control and 
 
161 
1. INTRODUCTION 
161 
2. STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL APPROACHES 
161 
3. OVERVIEW OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR FLOOD MODELING 
162 
3.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic 
162 
3.2 Optimization Methods 
163 
3.3 Geographical Information System 
163 
3.4 Expert System 
163 
3.5 Multicriteria Decision Making 
164 
4. LITERATURE REVIEW ON FLOOD MODELING AND MANAGEMENT 
164 
4.1 General 
164 
4.2 Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic 
165 
4.3 Optimization Methods 
165 
4.4 Geographical Information System 
165 
5. DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-TERM OPERATING POLICY FOR FLOOD 
 
167 
5.1 Description of Study Area 
167 
5.2 Methodology 
168 
5.2.1 Folded Dynamic Programming 
168 
5.2.1 Data Collection 
169 
5.2.2 Computation ofDownstream Catchment Contribution 
170 
5.2.3 Preparation of Block Period 
170 
5.2.4 Application of Folded Dynamic Programming to Develop Rule Curves for 
 
172 
5.3 Results and Conclusion 
175 
6. MEASURES SUGGESTED FOR EVOLVING A FEASIBLE AND 
 
179 
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
179 
REFERENCES 
180 
9 Real-Time Flood Forecasting by a 
 
183 
1. INTRODUCTION 
183 
2. FLOOD FORECASTING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW 
185 
3. VARIABLE PARAMETER MUSKINGUM STAGE-HYDROGRAPH 
 
189 
3.1 Concept 
189 
3.2 Theoretical Background 
189 
4. EXTENSION OF THE VPMS METHOD FOR ROUTING IN A TWO-STAGE COMPOUND CROSS-SECTION CHANNEL REACH 
193 
4.1 Channel Reach Details 193
4.2 Development of Celerity-Stage Relationship 193
4.2.1 Celerity-Stage Relationship for the Main Channel 194
4.2.2 Celerity-Stage Relationship for the Floodplain Channel 194
4.3 Routing Procedure 196
5. APPLICATION OF VPMS MODEL FOR REAL-TIME FLOOD FORECASTING 
197 
6. CASE STUDY AND RESULTS 198
7. APPLICABILITY CRITERIA FOR THE VPMS MODEL 205
8. CONCLUSIONS 206
REFERENCES 206
10 Drought Hazards and Mitigation Measures 
211 
1. INTRODUCTION 211
2. DEFINITION OF DROUGHT AND DROUGHT TYPES 212
3. CAUSES OF DROUGHT 213
4. IMPACTS OF DROUGHT 214
5. DROUGHT FREQUENCY AND AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT REGIONS IN INDIA 
215 
6. DROUGHT MANAGEMENT 220
6.1 Drought Coping Practices in a Season Based on Drought Intensity 221
6.1.1 Drought Region 1 (Chronic Drought in Arid Marginal Rainy Season Aridisols) 221
6.1.2 Drought Region 2 (Chronic Drought Region in Arid Sub-marginal Rainy Season Vertisols and Alfisols) 
221 
6.1.3 Drought Region 3 (Chronic Drought Region in Dry Semi-arid Delayed Rainy Season Vertisols and Alfisols) 
221 
6.1.4 Drought Region 4 (Chronic Drought in Dry Semi-arid Post Rainy Season Vertic/Vertisols) 
222 
6.1.5 Drought Region 5 (Ephemeral Drought in Wet Semi-arid Rainy Season Vertisols/Alfisols) 
222 
6.1.6 Drought Region 6 (Management of Apparent Drought in Dry Sub-humid Alfisols/Oxisols Regions) 
226 
6.2 Permanent Drought Amelioration 227
6.2.1 Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) 228
6.2.2 Building in situ Moisture Reserves to Tide over the Recurring Drought Spells 230
6.2.3 Permitting Safe Runoff Disposal, its Collection Above or Below the Ground 231
6.2.4 Tillage 231
6.2.5 Crops and Cropping Systems 231
6.2.6 Soil Fertility Management 232
6.2.7 Productive Farming Systems: A 3 × 3 Matrix Approach 236
6.2.8 Selective Dryland Mechanization 237
6.3 Drought Assessment and Monitoring Techniques 237
6.3.1 Drought Indices 238
6.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 238
6.3.3 Water Balance Method 239
6.3.4 Scientific Rainfed Land Use Planning 239
6.3.5 Weather-based Information System 241
6.3.6 Drought Forecasting 242
7. GOVERNMENT POLICY AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 242
7.1 Weather Code 243
7.2 Crop/Weather Insurance 243
7.3 Rainfed Agro-Economic Zones: A Land Use Policy for Recurrent Drought Regions 
243 
7.4 Recent Government Policies 244
7.5 Capacity Building 245
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 245
REFERENCES 246
11 Indicators for Assessing Drought Hazard in Arid Regions of India 
251 
1. INTRODUCTION 251
2. TYPES OF DROUGHT 251
2.1 Meteorological Drought 251
2.2 Hydrological Drought 252
2.3 Agricultural Drought 252
2.4 Socio-economic Drought 252
3. KINDS OF DROUGHT INDICATORS 252
4. METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDICATORS 252
4.1 Deciles of Precipitation 252
4.2 Precipitation Departures from Normal 253
4.3 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) 253
4.4 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 254
5. HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDICATORS 256
5.1 Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) 256
5.2 Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI) 256
5.3 Reclamation Drought Index (RDI) 256
6. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT INDICATORS 257
6.1 Aridity Index 257
6.2 Moisture Adequacy Index (MAI) 257
6.3 Crop Moisture Index (CMI) 259
6.4 Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) 260
6.5 Performance of Different Agricultural Drought Indicators 260
7. DROUGHT-RELATED INDICES FROM REMOTE SENSING 261
7.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 261
7.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) 261
7.3 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) 262
7.4 Temperature Condition Index (TCI) 262
7.5 Merits and Demerits of Available Remote Sensing-Based Indicators 263
8. SOCIETAL DROUGHT 264
9. ROLE OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN DROUGHT MANAGEMENT 264
10. CONCLUSIONS 265
REFERENCES 267
12 Tropical Cyclones: Trends, 
 
270 
1. INTRODUCTION 
270 
2. STUDY AREA 
271 
3. DATAACQUISITION AND ANALYSES 
272 
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
272 
4.1 Trends in the Frequency of Severe Cyclonic Storms in 
 
272 
4.2 Trends in the Frequency of Severe Cyclonic Storms of the 
 
275 
4.3 Trends in the Intensification Rate 
275 
4.4 IMD and JTWC Classifications of Tropical Cyclones 
276 
4.5 Trends in the Frequency of Stronger TCs (MSW 96 knots and above) 
276 
4.6 Trends in the Frequency of All Cyclones with MSW 64 knots and above 
278 
4.7 Recent Trends in the Sea-surface Temperature over South and Central 
 
278 
4.8 Simulation of Global Climate Change Impacts on Cyclone Frequency 
279 
4.8.1 Simulation of Frequency 
280 
4.8.2 Simulation ofIntensity 
280 
4.9 Relationship between IOOMI and Post-Monsoon Cyclone Frequency in 
 
281 
4.10 Relationship between IODMI and the Frequency of Monsoon 
 
282 
4.11 Lag Correlations between IOOMI and the Pre-Monsoon Tropical 
 
283 
4.12 Cyclone Monitoring, Early Warning System and Mitigation 
283 
4.12.1 Diagnosis 
284 
4.12.2 Prediction 
284 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
286 
REFERENCES 
287 
13 Temperature Extremes over India 
 
 
289 
1. INTRODUCTION 
289 
2. OVERVIEW OF EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION 
291 
2.1 What is ENSO? 
291 
2.2 Impacts of ENSO 
292 
3. DATAAND METHODOLOGY 
293 
3.1 Data Used in the Study 
293 
3.2 Quality Control 
293 
3.3 Calculation of Temperature Extreme Indices 
293 
3.4 Development of ENSO-Extreme Relationships 
294 
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
294 
4.1 Changes in Temperature Extremes over India 
295 
4.1.1 Summary Statistics for Observed Trends in Temperature Extremes over India 
295 
4.1.2 Trends in All-India Time Series of Temperature Extremes 
297 
4.2 Monthly Composite Anomalies in Temperature Extremes during 
 
298 
4.3 Seasonal Spatial Patterns of Temperature Extremes during 
 
299 
4.4 Lag-Correlation of Extreme Temperature Indices with NIN03.4 SSTs 
301 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
302 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
302 
REFERENCES 
303 
14 Monitoring Physiographic Rainfall Variation for Sustainable Management of Water Bodies in India 
307 
1. INTRODUCTION 307
2. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF INDIA 308
3. RAINFALL DATA USED 310
4. DATA GENERATION USING GIS 311
5. DEVELOPMENT OF LONGEST RAINFALL SEQUENCE 311
6. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LONGEST RAINFALL SEQUENCE OF DIFFERENT PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS/ PROVINCES 
313 
7. SUMMARY OF RECENT TENDENCY IN RAINFALL FLUCTUATIONS OVER THE COUNTRY 
333 
8. POSSIBLE REASON OF RECENT CHANGES IN MONSOON RAINFALL OVER THE COUNTRY 
338 
9. MECHANISM 340
10. CONCLUSIONS 343
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 344
REFERENCES 344
15 Emerging Tools and Techniques 
 
 
346 
1. INTRODUCTION 
346 
2. MINE DISASTER AND ITS MANAGEMENT 
347 
2.1 Mine Disaster: An Overview 
347 
2.2 Disaster Management 
352 
2.3 Prevention of Mine Disasters 
355 
2.3.1 Preventing Mine Disasters from Inundation (DGMS, 2000) 
355 
2.3.2 Preventing Mine Disasters from Fire and Effective Emergency Response 
 
356 
2.3.3 Risk Management as a Tool for Developing Appropriate Health and Safety 
 
356 
2.3.4 Quality Control for Improving Safety (DGMS, 2000) 
356 
2.3.5 Communication System between DGMS Offices and Mine Management 
 
357 
2.3.6 Other Measures 
357 
3. APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN MINE SAFETY 
 
357 
3.1 Autonomous Mining System 
358 
3.2 Mine Safety Technology 
359 
3.3 Mine Robots 
361 
3.3.1 World's Largest Industrial Robot 
362 
3.3.2 Groundhog 
362 
3.3.3 Ferret 
362 
3.4 Communication and Tracking Technology 
364 
3.4.1 Mine Multimedia Rescue Communication 
364 
3.4.2 Internet and Information Superhighway 
365 
3.4.3 Global Environmental Disaster Information System (GEDIS) 
365 
3.4.4 Close Proximity System (CPS) 
366 
3.4.5 GPS-based Systems 
366 
3.4.6 Radar-/Laser-based Systems 
368 
3.4.7 Vision-based Systems 
368 
3.4.8 RFiD-based Systems 
368 
3.5 GIS and Remote Sensing Technologies 
369 
3.5.1 GIS for Mining Management 
370 
3.5.2 GIS for Mining Exploration 
371 
3.5.3 GIS for Mining Operations 
371 
3.5.4 GIS for Environmental Management 
371 
3.5.5 Other Mining Applications 
371 
3.6 Computer-Aided Mine Planning and Design 
372 
3.7 Virtual Reality in Mineral Industry 
373 
3.7.1 Mining Equipment Concept Development 
373 
3.7.2 Design Review, Operator Input, Maintenance Procedure Review and 
 
375 
3.8 Armchair Mining 
375 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
376 
REFERENCES 
377 
16 Management of Forest Fire 
 
 
380 
1. INTRODUCTION 
380 
2. FOREST FIRE MONITORING TECHNIQUES 
382 
3. CAUSES OF FOREST FIRE 
383 
4. AN OVERVIEW OF SWAZILAND 
384 
5. FOREST FIRES IN SWAZILAND 
384 
5.1 Policies and Practices 
384 
5.2 Spatia-Temporal Patterns: Evidence from Remote Sensing Data 
386 
5.3 Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts 
389 
6. MONITORING OF FOREST FIRE AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM 
391 
7. STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING FOREST FIRE HAZARDS 
395 
8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
396 
REFERENCES 
397 
17 Climate Change and Water 
 
 
 
400 
1. INTRODUCTION 
400 
2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN INDIA 
401 
3. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES 
 
403 
4. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: ROLE OF 
 
405 
4.1 Climate Change Scenario Generation 
406 
4.2 Hydrologic Model Selection 
409 
5. HYDROLOGICAL MODELING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT 
 
414 
5.1 Study Area Description 
414 
5.2 Methodology 
414 
5.3 RESULTS 
416 
6. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATION MEASURES 
419 
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
420 
REFERENCES 
421 
18 Global Climate Change vis-a-vis 
 
427 
1. INTRODUCTION 
427 
2. CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN INDIA 
429 
3. CLIMATE CHANGENARIABILlTY: A CASE STUDY IN PUNJAB 
429 
3.1 Temperature Variability Trends 
430 
3.2 Rainfall Variability Trends 
431 
4. EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PHENOLOGY, GROWTH AND 
 
431 
4.1 Effect of Changes in Temperature 
433 
4.2 Effect of Changes in Solar Radiation 
434 
4.3 Effect of Interactions between Maximum and Minimum Temperatures 
435 
4.4 Effect of Interactions between Temperature and Solar Radiation 
436 
4.5 Effect of Interactions between CO2 and Temperature 
438 
4.6 Effect of Intra-Seasonal Temperature Change 
438 
5. CONCLUSIONS 
441 
REFERENCES 
442 
19 Adapting Smallholder Dairy 
 
 
446 
1. INTRODUCTION 
446 
2. VULNERABILITY OF DAIRY PRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 
446 
2.1 Heat Stress 
447 
2.2 Susceptibility to Extreme Events 
447 
2.3 Incidence of Diseases 
448 
2.4 Feed and Fodder Shortages 
449 
3. TARGETING ADAPTATION RESPONSES 
450 
4. ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AND OPTIONS 
450 
4.1 Shelter Management 
451 
4.2 Nutritional Management 
452 
4.3 Health Management 
454 
4.4 Managing Common Property Resources 
455 
4.5 Genetic Selection and Conservation 
456 
4.6 Livestock Insurance 
457 
4.7 Extension Strategy 
457 
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
457 
REFERENCES 
458 
20 Climate Change-Proof Disaster 
 
 
 
463 
1. INTRODUCTION 
463 
2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND DISASTER VULNERABILITY INTERACTION IN 
 
463 
3. CLIMATE CHANGE Vls·A.vIS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 
464 
4. RISKS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 
466 
4.1 Defining Climate Risk 
466 
4.2 Characteristics of Climate Risk 
467 
5. CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT 
469 
5.1 Disasters as Climate Change Impacts 
469 
5.2 Existing Disaster Risk Management: Shortcomings and Issues 
471 
6. INCORPORATING CLIMATE CHANGE CONCERNS IN DISASTER 
 
472 
7. CONSIDERATIONS FOR MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE IN 
 
473 
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
478 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
478 
REFERENCES 
478 
21 Potential of Geospatial 
 
 
483 
1. INTRODUCTION 
483 
2. LAND AND WATER DEGRADATION IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW 
485 
3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INDIAN REMOTE 
 
487 
4. ROLE OF RS AND GIS IN LAND & WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
 
491 
5. APPLICATIONS OF IRS DATAAND GIS TO WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT 
 
491 
5.1 Development of Watersheds 
491 
5.2 Impact Assessment of Climate Change and Land use 
493 
5.3 Monitoring and Management of Drought 
493 
5.4 Monitoring and Assessment of Forest Cover 
495 
5.5 Landslide Hazard Assessment 
496 
5.6 Wetland Monitoring and Mapping 
497 
6. APPLICATIONS OF IRS DATAAND GIS TO WATER RESOURCES 
 
497 
6.1 Monitoring and Assessment of Glaciers 
497 
6.2 Reservoir Capacity Evaluation 
498 
6.3 Monitoring and Management of Flood 
499 
6.4 Groundwater Evaluation and Management 
500 
6.5 Monitoring and Mapping of Water Pollution 
501 
7. APPLICATIONS OF IRS DATAAND GIS TO COMMAND AREA 
 
502 
7.1 Performance Evaluation of Irrigation Systems 
502 
7.2 Monitoring and Mapping of Problematic Soils 
503 
8. CONSTRAINTS OF USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES 
506 
9. FUTURE INDIAN REMOTE SENSING MISSIONS 
506 
10. CONCLUSIONS 
509 
REFERENCES 
510 
22 Decision Support System: Concept 
 
 
517 
1. FRESHWATER SCARCITY: GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES 
517 
2. IWRM: BASIC CONCEPT, IMPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES 
520 
3. WHAT IS A DSS? 
523 
4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DSS 
524 
5. COMPONENTS OF DSS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT 
526 
6. TYPES OF DSS 
527 
6.1 Data-Driven DSS or Data-Oriented DSS 
528 
6.2 Model-Driven DSS or Model-Oriented DSS 
528 
6.3 Communications-Driven DSS 
528 
6.4 Document-Driven DSS 
529 
6.5 Knowledge-Driven DSS 
529 
7. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DECISION MAKING IN LAND AND 
 
529 
7.1 Simulation and Optimization Models 
530 
7.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) 
530 
7.3 Artificial Intelligence 
532 
7.4 Multiobjective and Multicriteria Decision Analysis 
532 
8. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DSS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT 
533 
8.1 Phase 1: Needs Identification and Analysis 
534 
8.2 Phase 2: High-level Design 
534 
8.2.1 Development of System Architecture 
535 
8.2.2 Selection or Design of Models 
535 
8.3 Phase 3: Detailed Functional Design 
535 
8.4 Phase 4: Detailed Software Design 
536 
8.5 Phase 5: Software Development 
536 
8.6 Phase 6: Initial Fielding 
536 
8.7 Phase 7: Testing, Training and Fine-tuning 
536 
8.8 Phase 8: Maintenance and Further Development 
537 
9. APPLICATION DOMAINS OF DSS 
537 
9.1 DSS for Emergency Water Management 
538 
9.2 DSS for Water Regulation and Allocation 
538 
9.2.1 River Basin Management 
538 
9.2.2 Lake and Reservoir Management 
539 
9.2.3 Conjunctive Use Management 
539 
9.2.4 Pollution Management 
539 
9.2.5 Water Treatment and Distribution Systems 
539 
10. AVAILABLE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR WATER 
 
540 
11. CONCLUSIONS 
542 
REFERENCES 
543 
23 Sustainable Forest Management: 
 
 
550 
1. INTRODUCTION 
550 
2. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT 
553 
2.1 Conceptual Background 
553 
2.2 Why Sustainable Forest Management? 
555 
2.3 Sustainable Development and Management of Forests 
555 
3. SFM FRAMEWORK IN INDIA 
556 
3.1 Status of Forests in India 
556 
3.2 Initiatives for Sustainable Forest Management 
558 
3.2.1 Global lnitiatives 
559 
3.2.2 Indian Initiatives 
559 
4. MONITORING AND EVALUATION MECHANISMS FOR SUSTAINABLE 
 
562 
4.1 Forest Working Plans-Potential for all Monitoring 
 
564 
4.2 Market Links to Sustainable Forest Management 
564 
4.3 Ecosystem Services 
564 
5. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION 
566 
6. CLIMATE CHANGE vis-A-vIS FOREST MANAGEMENT 
568 
7. ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES TOWARDS 
 
568 
8. CONCLUSIONS 
571 
REFERENCES 
572 
24 Participatory Information 
 
 
577 
1. INTRODUCTION 
577 
2. PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND 
 
577 
3. PARTICIPATORY RISK REDUCTION AS A PROCESS 
 
579 
3.1 Types of Information 
579 
3.2 Information Needs 
580 
3.3 Models of Information Flow 
580 
3.4 A Conceptual Model for Participatory Information Flow 
581 
4. PRESENTING RISK INFORMATION 
582 
5. TOOLS FOR PARTICIPATORY INFORMATION SHARING 
583 
6. INFORMATION NETWORKING: SALIENT EXAMPLES 
584 
6.1 Examples at International Level 
584 
6.2 Examples at National Level 
585 
7. CONCLUSIONS 
588 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
589 
REFERENCES 
589 
25 Cyclone Emergency Preparedness 
 
592 
1. INTRODUCTION 
592 
2. TROPICAL CYCLONES: CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT 
594 
3. CYCLONE MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEM 
597 
4. POSSIBLE IMPACT OF CYCLONIC STORM ON THE INSTALLATION 
600 
5. COMPONENTS OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 
601 
6. FACTORS INFLUENCING EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 
601 
6.1 Site Data 
602 
6.2 Plant Data 
602 
6.3 Infrastructure Details 
602 
6.3.1 Power Supply 
602 
6.3.2 Water Supply 
602 
6.3.3 Drainage System 
603 
6.3.4 Telecommunication 
603 
6.3.5 Medical and First-Aid Facilities 
603 
6.3.6 Transport Facilities 
603 
6.3.7 Residential Colony 
604 
7. EMERGENCY RELATED FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT 
604 
7.1 Emergency Control Center 
604 
7.2 Shelters 
605 
7.3 Emergency Equipment 
605 
8. EMERGENCY ORGANIZATION 
606 
8.1 Installation Cyclone Protection Committee (ICPC) 
606 
8.2 Service Groups (SGs) 
606 
9. PROTECTION AND RELIEF ACTION PLAN 
607 
9.1 Primary Emergencies 
607 
9.2 Secondary Emergencies 
607 
10. AID AND COOPERATION 
607 
11. EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EXERCISES 
610 
12. FEEDBACK AND REVIEW 
610 
13. CONCLUDING REMARKS 
610 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
611 
REFERENCES 
611 
26 Sustainable Management of 
 
 
612 
1. CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE DISASTER MANAGEMENT 
612 
2. FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS 
613 
2.1 Adherence to the Hyogo Recommendations 
614 
2.2 Adoption of Modern Management Approaches 
615 
2.3 Need for Integrated Approach and International Vision to 
 
616 
2.4 Need for Improved Understanding of Human-Environment Interactions 
618 
2.5 Need for Efficient Early Warning and Communication Systems 
618 
2.6 Need for Decision Support System and Extensive Use of Modern Tools 
619 
2.7 Need for Disaster Education and Training 
620 
3. EPILOGUE 
621 
REFERENCES 
622 
Index 
624