The Psychology of Global Mobility (eBook)

Acknowledgements 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
1 Introduction: The Psychology of Global Mobility 10
A Human Dimension 12
Psychology in Global Mobility 13
Person 14
Environment 15
A Road Less Traveled 17
Structure and Content 19
Context 19
Motives 20
Adjustment 21
Performance 22
Human Development: D=f(M,A,P) 2 23
References 24
Part I Context 29
2 Human Mobility in a Global Era 30
Types of Travelers 36
Culture Shock 38
Business Travelers and Business Support 42
Adaptation and Adjustment 46
Reducing Expatriate Stress 48
Conclusion 49
References 51
3 Mixed-Methods Approaches to Contextually Grounded Research in Settings of Armed Conflict and Natural Disaster 53
Armed Conflict, Natural Disaster, and Forced New Settlement 54
Contextually Grounded Mental Health Research with War and Disaster-Affected Populations 55
Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Methods 56
Research in Afghanistan: Development of the Afghan Symptom Checklist 57
Research in Sri Lanka: War Exposure, Natural Disaster, and Daily Stressors as Predictors of Mental Health among Youth in Eastern Sri Lanka 60
Development of the Childrens Daily Stressor Scale 61
Conclusion 64
References 64
4 Ethical Psychological Practice with Geographically Mobile Individuals and Groups 67
Ethical Dilemmas of Service Provision 69
Competing Theories of Ethics 69
Competing Ethical Responsibilities 70
Case Example Dr N 73
Competing Levels of Responsibility 74
Case Example Dr S 77
Whose Ethics? 78
Competing Constructions of Cultural Competence 79
Ethical Reasoning and Decision Making 80
Theory of Prima Facie Duty 81
Professional Development and Self Care 84
Case Example Dr X 86
Conclusion 87
References 87
Part II Motives 91
5 Mobility and Personality 92
The Mobile Personality 93
Motivation and the Mobile Personality 93
Achievement Motivation 94
Power Motivation 95
Affiliation Motivation 96
Place Attachment 97
Deciding Where and When to Go 98
Temporary Mobility: Sojourners and Enjoyment of Leisure Travel 99
Policy and Research Implications 101
Personality and Mobility 101
Adaptation and Mobility 102
Effects of Leaving on the Home Country 104
Policy Implications 104
Directions for Future Research 105
References 105
6 Identity and Global Mobility 109
Theories of Identity 111
Components of Identity Relevant to Professionals Global Mobility 113
Career Identity 113
Family Identity 116
Combined Family-Gender Identity 118
National Cultural Identity 119
Conclusion, Research Questions, and Recommendations 121
References 124
7 Global Mobility, Local Economy: Its Work Psychology, Stupid 128
Dual Salary 129
Why is Dual Salary Problematic? 131
How is Dual Salary Problematic? 131
What Can Be Done About Dual Salary? 135
Defensive Routines 136
Why Should We Expect Barriers to Boundary-Less Mobility? 138
How Can We Expect the Barriers to Manifest? 139
What Can Be Done to Manage These Barriers? 141
Brain Drain? 142
Why the Term is Misleading 142
How the Term is Misleading 143
What New Foci Can Be Included? 145
Conclusion 148
References 148
8 The Psychology of Enforced Mobility 154
The Nature and Scope of Forced New Settlement 156
Psychological Perspectives on the Experience of Refugees 158
Box 8.1 Interventions appropriate for different groupings within refugee populations 161
Case Studies in Enforced Mobility 162
Flight from Civil Conflict: Mozambicans in Mala--i 1988--1992 162
Box 8.2 Categories of need amongst Mozambican refugees in Malai 164
Natural Disaster: The Soufriere Hills Volcanic Eruption, Montserrat 164
Box 8.3 Identified threats to childrens wellbeing 165
Box 8.4 Symbolism in cultural loss and adjustment 8 166
Seeking to Make a New Home in Scotland 166
Using Knowledge to Shape Policy and Practice 168
Mapping the Process of Integration 169
Training for Psychosocial Support of Refugees 170
Conclusion 171
References 171
Part III Adjustment 174
9 Global Mobility and Cross-Cultural Training 175
Does Cross-Cultural Training Work? 177
Content of Cross-Cultural Training 177
New Dimensions of Cross-Cultural Training 178
Individual Dimensions 178
Psychological Barriers to Adjustment 178
Cross-Cultural Training Implications 179
Coping Strategies for Successful Adjustment 179
Cross-Cultural Training Implications 179
Matching Personal Expatriate Characteristics with a Host Culture 180
Cross-Cultural Training Implications 180
Language Proficiency and Adjustment 180
Organizational Dimensions 182
Assignment to Tough Organizational Contexts 182
Training of Host Nationals 183
Situational Dimensions 184
Training for Going Home 184
Cross-Cultural Training Implications 185
Size of the Host Location and Adjustment 185
Cross-Cultural Training Implications 185
Country-Level Dimensions 185
Adjusting to a Similar Vs. a Dissimilar Culture 185
Cross-Cultural Training Implications 186
Conclusions 186
Cross-Cultural Training Works 187
Culture-Specific Cross-Cultural Training 187
Custom-Made Cross Cultural Training 187
Recurring Cross-Cultural Training 188
Everybody Needs Cross-Cultural Training 188
References 189
10 Mobility and Acculturation 194
Mobility and Contact 195
Acculturation 197
Acculturation Strategies 199
Research Examples 203
Conclusions and Implications 209
References 210
11 Mobility and Inclusion 212
What Does It Mean to Be Inclusive? 214
Why Inclusion Doesnt Come Naturally 216
The Role of the Environment 217
The Micro-System 218
The Meso-System 219
The Exo-System 220
The Macro-System 221
The Person-Situation Interaction 222
The New Settlers Perspective 223
The Life Narrative 223
Mobility History 224
Reasons for Moving 224
Permanence 225
The Flow of Time 227
Conclusions and Recommendations for Policy 228
Policy Implications 228
References 230
12 New Settlement and Wellbeing in Oppressive Contexts: A Liberation Psychology Approach 235
Wellbeing, Acculturation and Power 237
Exploring the Relationship Between Cultural Adaptation and Wellbeing in Oppressive Contexts: The Case of Moroccan New Settlers in Southern Spain 240
A Liberation Psychology Approach to the Wellbeing of Moroccan New settlers in Southern Spain: Lessons Learned 244
Community Level 244
Relational Level 248
Personal Level 250
Implications for Practice and Directions for Future Research 251
References 253
Part IV Performance 257
13 Mobility and Careers 258
Mobile and Immobile Careers 259
Elements of Career Studies 260
Career Transitions 261
Dimensions of Career Mobility 262
Boundary-Less Careers 263
Career Mobility and Career Capital 265
Geographical Mobility A Neglected Area of Career Studies 265
Geographical Career Mobility: Causes and Types 266
Benefits and Drawbacks of International Mobility 269
New Zealand: A Case Study of Mobile Careers and Career Capital Transfer 270
Conclusion 273
References 274
14 Global Mobility and Bias in the Workplace 278
Global Mobility and Inequality 279
Inequalities in the Labor Market 279
Case Study 1: Labor Market Participation in New Zealand 280
Inequalities in Organizations 280
Bias in the Workplace 281
Employment Bias 281
Bias in Pre-screening Applicants 281
Bias in the Choice of Recruitment Methods 282
Bias in the Choice of Selection Methods 282
Bias in the Choice and Appraisal of Selection Criteria 283
A Case Study of Employment Bias 284
Case Study 2: Recruiting and Selecting Employees in New Zealand 284
Performance Bias 285
Socio-Psychological Processes Underlying Bias 286
Categorization and Comparison 286
Similarity and Dissimilarity on Individual, Organizational and Socio-Cultural Levels 286
Social Identity, Categorization and Comparison 287
Stereotypes and Attributions 287
Inter-Group Conflict, Competition and Threat 288
The Influence of Personal Factors 289
The Influence of Situational Factors 289
Intercultural Contact 289
Workforce Demographics and Group Composition 290
Societal-Level Attitudes and Perceptions of New Settlers 291
Counteracting Bias in the Workplace 291
References 294
15 Technology, Mobility, and Poverty Reduction 300
Todays Information and Communication Technology Landscape 302
Access Trends 302
Utilization Trends 304
Implications for Brain Drain, Gain, and Circulation 305
Innovating Poverty Reduction 311
Information and Communication Technologies, Farming, and Global Development 311
Global Positioning Systems 311
Text Messaging and Web 2.0 312
Recruitment and Fundraising 314
Online Volunteerism 315
UNV Online Volunteering Service 315
SmartAid: Consultants Without Costs 316
Summary and Conclusion 317
References 318
Index 322