Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 10
1 Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results: A General Overview 15
1 Introduction 15
2 Commonly Abused Drugs in the United States 16
3 Workplace Drug Testing 17
4 How People Try to Beat Drug Tests? 17
5 How People Defend Positive Results? 19
6 Designer Drugs/Rave Party Drugs and Workplace Drug Testing 20
6.1 Detection of Designer/Rave Party Drugs 22
7 Conclusions 22
References 23
2 Pharmacology of Commonly Abused Drugs 25
1 Introduction 25
2 Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and Related Drugs 25
2.1 Metabolism of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 26
2.2 Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines 26
2.3 Metabolism of Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines 28
2.4 Overdoses and Fatalities from Amphetamines and Related Drugs 29
3 Barbiturates 29
3.1 Metabolism and Fatality from Barbiturates 30
4 Benzodiazepines 31
4.1 Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines 31
4.2 Benzodiazepine Overdose and Fatality 32
5 Cannabinoids 33
5.1 Metabolism of THC 33
5.2 THC Overdose 34
6 Cocaine 34
6.1 Pharmacology of Cocaine 35
6.2 Abuse of Cocaine and Alcohol 36
6.3 Fatality from Cocaine and Cocaethylene 36
7 Opiates 36
7.1 Pharmacology of Opiates 37
8 Methadone 38
8.1 Pharmacology of Methadone 38
9 Phencyclidine 38
10 Propoxyphene 39
11 Methaqualone 40
12 Glutethimide 40
13 Conclusions 40
References 41
3 Workplace Drug Testing: SAMHSA and Non-SAMHSA Drugs 43
1 Introduction 43
2 SAMHSA Mandated Drugs 44
3 Testing of Various SAMHSA Mandated Drugs 45
3.1 Testing of Amphetamines 46
3.2 Testing of Cannabinoid (Marijuana) 47
3.3 Testing of Cocaine Metabolites 48
3.4 Testing of Opiates 50
3.5 Testing of Phencyclidine 51
4 Testing of Non-SAMHSA Drugs 52
4.1 Testing of Barbiturates 52
4.2 Testing of Benzodiazepines 54
4.3 Testing of Methadone 54
4.4 Testing of Propoxyphene 55
4.5 Testing of Methaqualone and Glutethimide 55
5 Miscellaneous Issues in Workplace Drug Testing 56
6 Conclusions 56
References 57
4 Synthetic Urine, Flushing, Detoxifying, and Related Agents for Beating Urine Drug Tests: Are They Effective? 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Synthetic Urine 60
3 Composition of Synthetic Urine 61
4 Specimen Integrity Testing 61
5 Prosthetic Penis and Workplace Drug Testing 62
5.1 Catheterization for Substituting Urine 63
6 Flushing and Detoxifying Products 64
6.1 Water Intoxication 65
6.2 Diluted Urine and Drug Testing 65
6.3 SAMHSA Criteria for Diluted/Substituted Urine 67
6.4 Diluted Urine: Case Studies 68
6.5 Do These Agents Work? 69
7 Herbals to Beat Drug Tests 70
8 Various Drugs and False Negative/Positive Screening Assay Results 71
9 Conclusions 72
References 72
5 Household Chemicals and Internet Based Products for Beating Urine Drug Tests 75
1 Introduction 75
2 Household Chemicals as Urinary Adulterants 76
2.1 Effect of Various Adulterants on Immunoassay Screening 77
2.2 Effect of Various Household Adulterants on Specimen Integrity Testing 79
3 Internet Based Urinary Adulterants 81
3.1 Adulteration Product Urine Luck 81
3.2 Adulteration Products Containing Nitrite 82
3.3 Adulteration with Glutaraldehyde Containing Products 83
3.4 Stealth as a Urinary Adulterant 84
3.5 Papain as Urinary Adulterant 85
4 Detection of Internet Based Adulterants 85
4.1 Testing for Urine Luck 85
4.2 Testing for Nitrite 86
4.3 Testing for Stealth 87
4.4 Testing for Glutaraldehyde 87
4.5 Onsite Adulteration Check and Automated Assays 87
5 Federal Guidelines for Additional Testing to Detect Adulterants 88
6 A Case Study 89
7 Conclusions 90
References 90
6 Adulterating Hair, Oral Fluid, and Sweat Specimens for Drug Testing 93
1 Introduction 93
2 Hair Drug Testing 94
2.1 Hair Color and Incorporation of Drugs 95
2.2 Environmental Contamination and Hair Drug Testing 95
2.3 Adulteration of Hair Specimens 97
3 Oral Fluid Testing for Abused Drugs 98
3.1 Adulteration of Oral Fluid 99
4 Sweat Testing 100
4.1 Adulteration Issues 100
5 Conclusions 101
References 101
7 Defending Positive Opiate and Marijuana Test Results 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Poppy Seeds and Opium 104
2.1 Opium Content of Various Poppy Seeds 104
2.2 Poppy Seed and Allergy 105
2.3 Opiate Level After Consumption of Poppy Tea (Opium Tea) 105
2.4 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Urinary Opiates 106
2.5 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Opiate Levels in Other Matrix 108
2.6 Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Impairment 109
2.7 Brown Mixture and Opiate Levels 109
2.8 Legal Consequence of Positive Opiate Due to Ingestion of Poppy Seed Containing Food 109
3 Marker for Poppy Seed Consumption in Urine 110
4 Defending Positive Marijuana Results 110
4.1 Passive Inhalation of Marijuana 111
4.2 Consumption of Hemp Products 111
5 Case Study 113
6 Conclusions 113
References 114
8 Defending Positive Cocaine Tests 116
1 Introduction 116
2 Herbal Tea and Cocaine 117
2.1 Coca Tea and Urinary Level of Benzoylecgonine 118
2.2 Legal Consequence of Positive Cocaine Due to Ingestion of Coca Tea 119
3 Mugwort and Positive Cocaine 120
4 Procaine and Workplace Drug Testing 120
5 Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Lidocaine, and Workplace Drug Testing 121
6 Paper Money Contaminated with Cocaine 122
6.1 Handling Money Contaminated with Cocaine and Drug Testing 123
7 Passive Inhalation/Exposure of Cocaine 124
8 Case Studies 125
9 Conclusions 125
References 126
9 Defending Positive Amphetamine Results 128
1 Introduction 128
2 OTC and Prescription Drugs that Produce False Positives with Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Immunoassays 129
3 Use of Vicks Inhaler and Positive Methamphetamine Test 130
4 Herbal Weight Loss Products and Amphetamine Assay 132
5 Bitter Orange and Amphetamine Immunoassay 133
6 False Positive GC/MS Methamphetamine Due to Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine 134
7 False Positive Amphetamine Due to Prescription Drug Mebeverine 135
8 Analytical True Positive Amphetamine/Methamphetamine 138
9 Case Studies 139
10 Conclusions 140
References 140
10 Analytical True Positives in Workplace Drugs Testings Due to Use of Prescription and OTC Medications 143
1 Introduction 143
2 Prescription Medications Containing Benzodiazepines 144
3 Topical Use of Cocaine and Workplace Drug Testing 146
4 Prescription Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing 147
4.1 Detection of Hydromorphone After Medical Use of Morphine 148
4.2 Detection of Hydrocodone After Medical Use of Codeine 149
5 OTC Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing 150
6 Marinol and Workplace Drug Testing 150
6.1 Marijuana and Chocolate 151
7 Conclusions 151
References 152
Subject Index 154