Meteorological and Air Quality Models for Urban Areas (eBook)

Introduction to the Problem and Aims 5
References 8
Contents 10
Contributors 13
Part I Urban Morphology and Databases 17
1 Facilitating Advanced Urban Meteorology and Air Quality Modelling Capabilities with High Resolution Urban Database and Access Portal Tools 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 Approach 19
1.3 Features of Nudapt 20
1.3.1 Morphology Databases and Urban Canopy Parameters (UCP) 20
1.3.2 Relevant Ancillary Data 21
1.3.3 NUDAPT Design Concept 21
1.4 Discussion and Summary 22
2 Relating Small-Scale Emission and Concentration Variability in Air Quality Models 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Formulation 26
2.3 Methodology 26
2.4 Results 28
2.5 Conclusions 31
2.6 Appendix: Other Closures Used for Prognostic Equation for the Variance of Pollutant Concentration 31
3 Performance of Different Sub-Grid-Scale Surface Flux Parameterizations for Urban and Rural Areas 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Methodology 35
3.2.1 Model Set-Up 35
3.2.2 Simulated Situations 37
3.2.3 Result Evaluation 37
3.3 Results and Discussion 38
3.4 Conclusions 39
Part II Parameterizations of Urban Canopy 41
4 How to Use Computational Fluid Dynamics Models for Urban Canopy Parameterizations 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Averaging Schemes in Mesoscale Models 43
4.3 The Role of CFD Models 44
4.4 An Example 46
4.5 Conclusions 46
5 Review of Japanese Urban Models and a Scale ModelExperiment 49
5.1 Urban Models Developed in Japan 49
5.1.1 Simple Urban Canopy Models in Japan 49
5.1.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Models in Japan 50
5.2 Scale Model Experiments 51
5.2.1 Brief Review of Reduced Scale Model Experiments for Urban Climate 51
5.2.2 Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model -- COSMO -- Experiments for Urban Climate 52
6 Urban Soil-Canopy-Atmosphere Exchangesat Submesoscales: Learning from ModelDevelopment, Evaluation, and Coupling with LES 57
6.1 Introduction 57
6.2 Model Development 58
6.3 Model Validation and Implementation 59
6.4 Conclusion 65
7 The Effect of Stratification on the AerodynamicRoughness Length 69
7.1 Introduction 69
Part III Strategy for Urbanization of Different Types of Models 77
8 FUMAPEX Experience of Model Urbanisation 78
8.1 Introduction 78
8.2 Methodology for Urbanization of City-Scale Meteorological Models 79
8.2.1 FUMAPEX Strategy to Improve NWP and Meso-Scale Meteorological Models for Urban Areas 80
8.2.2 Urban Fluxes and Sublayer Parameterisation 80
8.3 Results and Recommendations 82
8.3.1 Experience of Model Urbanisation 82
8.3.2 Further Improvements in NWP and UAQ Forecasting Systems 84
9 Evolution of Urban Surface Exchange in the UK Met Offices Unified Model 86
9.1 Basic Approach 86
9.2 Heterogeneity 87
9.3 The Urban Tile, Thermal Canopy, Roughness Lengths for Heat and Anthropogenic Heat Flux 88
9.4 The Two-Tile Approach 91
9.5 Summary 94
10 Sensitivity Tests in the Dynamical and Thermal Partof the MRF-Urban PBL Scheme in the MM5 Model 96
10.1 Introduction 96
10.2 Methodology 97
10.3 Results and Discussion 98
10.4 Conclusions 102
Part IV Evaluation and Case Studies/Observations 104
11 Urban Surface Energy Balance Models: Model Characteristics and Methodology for a Comparison Study 105
11.1 Introduction 105
11.2 Urban Surface Energy Balance Models 107
11.2.1 Model Outputs 107
11.2.2 Representation of the Urban Environment 109
11.2.3 Model Inputs 113
11.2.4 Methods of Calculation 116
11.3 Methodology for the Model Comparison 124
11.4 Conclusions 126
12 Measuring Meteorology in Urban Areas Some Progress and Many Problems 132
12.1 Introduction 132
12.2 The Height of the Boundary Layer 136
12.3 Conclusions 137
13 Derivation of Vertical Wind and Turbulence Profiles, the Mixing-Layer Height, and the Vertical Turbulent Exchange Coefficient from Sodar and Ceilometer Soundings in Urban Measurement Campaigns 139
13.1 Introduction 139
13.2 Results 140
13.2.1 Profiles and Diurnal Variation of Mean Wind Speed 140
13.2.2 Profiles and Diurnal Variation of the Variance of the Vertical Wind Component 140
13.2.3 Stratification of the Urban Boundary Layer and Mixing-Layer Height 142
13.2.4 Turbulent Viscosity 143
13.3 Conclusions and Outlook 145
14 Verification and Case Studies for Urban Effects in HIRLAM Numerical Weather Forecasting 148
14.1 Introduction 148
14.2 Methodology 149
14.2.1 DMI-HIRLAM NWP Modelling and Meteorological Data 149
14.2.2 Approach Based on Improved Urban Roughness and Anthropogenic Fluxes 150
14.2.3 Building Effect Parameterization 150
14.3 Results and Discussions: Sensitivity Tests and Verification for Copenhagen Metropolitan Areas 151
14.3.1 Modified Urban Roughness and Anthropogenic Fluxes 151
14.3.2 Modified Urban Building Effects 152
14.3.3 Overall Urbanized NWP Performance 153
14.4 Conclusions 154
15 Model Urbanization Strategy: Summaries,Recommendations and Requirements 156
15.1 Introduction 156
15.2 Fitness-for-Purpose Guidance 156
15.3 Strategy to Urbanize Different Types of Models 158
15.4 Overview of Major Applications 159
15.4.1 Numerical Weather Prediction and Meso-Meteorological Models 160
15.4.2 Urban Air Pollution and Emergency Response Models 160
15.4.3 Multiscale Atmospheric Environment Modeling 161
15.4.4 Urban Pollution and Climate Integrated Modeling 162
15.5 Database and Evaluation Aspects of Urbanized Models 163
15.5.1 Database Requirements 163
15.5.2 Evaluation 164
15.6 Potential Community Activities 165
Appendix 1 168
Appendix 2 171
Colour Plate 174
Index 181