Perspectives in Ethology

1 Preformation and Epigenesis in the Origins of the Nervous System and Behavior: Issues, Concepts, and Their History.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Preformation and Epigenesis in the 18th Century.- IV. Preformation and Epigenesis in the 19th Century.- V. Recapitulation Theory and Embryology.- VI. Neopreformation, Neoepigenesis, and the Birth of Experimental Embryology.- VII. Roux's Contribution to the "Heredity-Environment" Question.- VIII. Weismann and the Role of the Environment in Development.- IX. Preformation and Epigenesis: A Final Resolution of Opposing Views (1900).- X. Genetics, Eugenics, and Instinct: Origins and Early Influences until 1910.- XI. Mendelian Genetics, Eugenics, and Instincts: Implications for Neurobehavioral Development (1910-1920).- XII. The Anti-instinct Movement and the Issue of Heredity vs. Environment (1920-1940).- XIII. A. Gesell, Infant Development, and the Issue of Maturation vs. Learning: A New Twist to the Heredity-Environment Controversy.- XIV. Neuroembryology and the Embryonic Origins of Behavior.- XV. Conclusions and Summary.- XVI. Acknowledgments.- XVII. References.- 2 A Reformulation of the Idea of Maturation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Maturation as a Dichotomous Concept.- A. Traditional Oppositions.- B. "Genetic Determination" and the Analytical Mode.- IV. Coaction in Ontogenesis.- A. The Genetic Code.- B. Species Typicality.- C. Developmental Systems: A Link between Phylogeny and Ontogeny.- V. Maturation as Species-Typical Developmental Systems.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. Acknowledgment.- VIII. References.- 3 Ontogeny: Toward A General Theoretical Framework for Ethology.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Background.- A. The Determinants of Behavior.- B. Requirements of an Ethological Framework.- IV. Framework for Ontogeny.- A. Analysis of Behavioral Control.- B. Analysis of Changes in Control.- C. Final Notes on the Framework.- V. Notes on the Remaining Framework for Ethology.- A. Perpetuation.- B. Phylogeny.- VI. Overview.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 4 Motivation: A New Perspective on Some old Ideas Frederick.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- A. Background.- B. Incentives and Motivation.- C. Incentives, Cognition, and Cognitive Factors.- III. Motivational Systems.- A. Introduction.- B. Elicitation of Ingestive Behavior.- C. Temperature-Regulating Behavior.- D. Conspecifics as Incentives.- IV. How Does Motivation Develop?.- A. Introduction.- B. Incentive Motivation.- C. Conspecifics and Incentives.- D. From Suckling to Independent Feeding.- V. Motivation, Learning, and Goal-Directed Activities.- VI. Competition.- VII. Foraging.- VIII. Conclusion.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 5 Problems in Animal Perception and Learning and their Implications for Models of Imprinting.- I. Abstract.- II. The Internal Representation as an Explanation of Imprinting.- III. Recognition and the Organization of Behavior.- A. The Neurophysiology of Perception.- B. Perception and Behavioral Control.- C. The Context of Recognition in the Imprinted Bird.- IV. The Acquisition and Organization of a Representation.- A. The Cognitive Approach to Conditioning.- B. Conditioning and Spatial Representation.- C. The Representation of an Imprinted Object.- V. Conclusions.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 6 Ontogeny of Learning.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. The Comparative Analysis of Learning.- A. Traditional Psychological and Ethological Premises.- B. The Paradigm Crisis in Learning.- C. Taste-Aversion Learning and Autoshape Learning.- D. Taste-Aversion Learning: General or Unique Process?.- IV. The Psychological Analysis of Learning: Common Comparative and Ontogenetic Research Strategies.- A. Introduction.- B. Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Scales of Learning.- C. General Principle Analysis of Learning.- D. The Behavioral Process Analysis of Learning.- V. Associative Learning: Recent Formulations.- A. Introduction.- B. Cognitive View of Conditioning.- C. Autoshaping: Reevaluation of the Traditional Two-Factor Theory of Learning.- VI. The Ontogeny of Associative Learning.- A. Introduction.- B. Associative Learning during Development.- C. Nonassociative Influence on Learning.- D. Associative Learning Influences on Behavior.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.- 7 Learning and Foraging Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Psychological Research on Animal Learning.- A. The Matching Law.- B. Learning Sets.- C. Taste-Aversion Learning.- D. Summary.- IV. Foraging Ecology and Learning.- A. Field Studies of Individual Foraging Behavior.- B. Optimal Foraging Theory.- V. Heterosis.- A. Contributions of Ecology to Psychology.- B. Paradigms, Phenomena, Processes, and Principles of Learning.- C. Contributions of Psychology to Ecology.- VI. Barriers to Interdisciplinary Progress.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 8 Evolutionary Issues in Development of Behavioral Flexibility.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. How Enrichment Affects Behavioral Capacities.- IV. Ecology and Evolution of Enrichment-Induced Plasticity.- V. Evidence.- A. Mammalian Hibernation and Winter Inactivity.- B. Population Quality and Dispersal.- VI. Suggestions for Research.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.- 9 Intraspecific Variations in Mating Strategy.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Definitions.- IV. Alternative Mating Strategies.- V. Decision Processes in Strategy Choice.- VI. Proximate Factors.- A. The Biological Context.- B. Primary Variables.- C. Modifier Variables.- D. Extrinsic Variables.- E. Feedback Consequences of Strategy Choice.- VII. Ultimate (Evolutionary) Explanations.- A. Functional Explanations.- B. Genetic Determinism.- VIII. Conclusions.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 10 Cooperation, Altruism, and Restraint in the Reproduction of Carnivores.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Family Canidae.- A. Red and Arctic Foxes.- B. Jackals.- C. Coyotes.- D. Wolves.- E. Dingo.- F. Dhole.- G. African Wild Dogs.- IV. Family Felidae.- A. Domestic Cats.- B. Lions.- V. Family Hyaenidae.- VI. Family Viverridae.- A. Dwarf Mongoose.- B. Banded Mongoose.- VII. Family Procyonidae.- VIII. Discussion.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 11 Reproductive Value and Behavioral Strategies: Coming of Age in Monkeys And Horses.- I. Abstract.- II. Concept of Reproductive Value.- III. Case Studies.- A. Rhesus Monkeys.- B. Feral Horses.- IV. Discussion.- V. Summary.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 12 Changes with Age in the Strategy of Social Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Kin Selection.- IV. On Eligibility and Generosity.- A. Reproductive Value.- B. Age and Eligibility.- C. On Impressing One's Eligibility.- D. Generosity.- V. Altruism, Cooperation, and Competition.- VI. Matrix of Social Interactions.- VII. Appendix: Symbols Used in This Chapter.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.