The Nexus Between Organized Crime and Terrorism

Edited by Letizia Paoli, Full Professor of Criminology and Chair of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Belgium and Life Member, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, UK, Cyrille Fijnaut, Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Criminal Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and KU Leuven, Belgium and Jan Wouters, Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair ad personam EU and Global Governance and Director, Institute for International Law and Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium

Contents:

1 Introduction to the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 1
Cyrille Fijnaut, Letizia Paoli and Jan Wouters

PART I LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUALIZATION
2 Taking stock of the literature on the nexus between
organized crime and terrorism 17
Letizia Paoli and Cyrille Fijnaut
3 Conceptualizing the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 48
Letizia Paoli and Cyrille Fijnaut

PART II TRANSFER OF RESOURCES
4 Criminal pasts, terrorist futures? Jihadist recruits in
Western Europe 86
Peter R. Neumann and Rajan Basra
5 Terrorists’ acquisition of firearms and explosives: criminal,
legal and grey sources 104
Toine Spapens and Nils Duquet
6 The organized crime–terrorism nexus and its funding 126
Michael Levi

PART III EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES
7 The nexus between organised crime and terrorism, and the
attacks in Paris and Brussels in 2015 and 2016 148
Cyrille Fijnaut
8 Assessing the involvement in organized crime of jihadists
from the Netherlands 221
Anton Weenink, Melvin R.J. Soudijn and Rudie J.M. Neve
9 Legal and law enforcement implications arising from the
organized crime–terrorism nexus in Northern Ireland 239
Tom Obokata
10 To what extent was Basque terrorist group ETA involved
in a nexus with organized crime? An economic analysis 258
Mikel Buesa and Thomas Baumert
11 Sweden: violent extremism and organized crime 276
Lars Korsell

PART IV NON-EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES
12 The crime–terror nexus in Syria and Iraq 302
Christina Steenkamp
13 The nexus of organized crime and terror in Afghanistan
and Pakistan 319
Matthew Phillips and Shelby Davis
14 Largely fleeting and hardly convergent: Libya’s crime–
terror nexus 342
Mark Micallef and Matt Herbert
15 The terrorism–organized crime nexus in the Boko Haram
insurgency in Nigeria 366
Freedom C. Onuoha
16 Is there any nexus between terrorism and organized crime
in Mexico? 391
Luis Astorga
17 Terrorism and organized crime in Colombia 412
Gustavo Duncan, Santiago Sosa and Jose Antonio Fortou

PART V INTERNATIONAL POLICIES
18 Responding to the crime–terror nexus: the international level 434
Christophe Paulussen and Colin P. Clarke
19 The nexus between organized crime and terrorism: policy
responses from the European Union and the Council of Europe 452
Thomas Van Poecke and Jan Wouters

Index