Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals

Bernd Würsig, his students, and postdocs have studied marine mammals and sea birds on all continents, with present work mainly on dusky dolphins in diverse habitats of New Zealand, and beleaguered Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins of Hong Kong. His specialties are behavior and social strategies, especially as related to human disturbance. He has published and co-published about 180 peer review papers, over 50 popular articles, and 7 books. He is Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Marine Biology of Texas A&M University at Galveston. J. G. M. ‘Hans’ Thewissen studies the evolution, anatomy and embryology of marine mammals, and has travelled the world to study fossil and living whales. His work with the sense organs of modern whales explores the impact of global change on marine mammal populations. He co-edited the three editions of Elsevier’s Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals and wrote a popular book on whale evolution: The Walking Whales.

Abundance Estimation
Stephen T. Buckland and Anne E. York

Aerial Behavior
Bernd Würsig and Hal Whitehead

Age Estimation
Aleta A. Hohn

Aggressive Behavior, Intraspecific
Claudio Campagna

Albinism
Dagmar Fertl and Patricia E. Rosel

Amazon River Dolphin or Boto
Vera M.F. da Silva

Ambergris
Dale W. Rice

Antarctic Fur Seal
Arctocephalus gazella
Jaume Forcada and Iain J. Staniland

Antarctic Marine Mammals
Ian L. Boyd

Archaeocetes, Archaic
J. G. M. Thewissen

Arctic Marine Mammals
John J. Burns

Atlantic Spotted Dolphin
Stenella frontalis
William F. Perrin

Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin
Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray 1828)
Frank Cipriano

Australian Sea Lion
Neophoca cinerea
John K. Ling

Australian Snubfin Dolphin
Orcaella heinsohni
Kelly M. Robertson and Peter W. Arnold

Azorean Whaling
Richard Ellis

Baculum
Edward H. Miller

Baiji
Lipotes vexillifer
Kaiya Zhou

Balance
Fred Spoor

Baleen
Dale W. Rice

Baleen Whales
Mysticetes
John L. Bannister

Barnacles
Dagmar Fertl and William A. Newman

Basilosaurids
Mark D. Uhen

Beaked Whales, Overview
Ziphiidae
James G. Mead

Bearded Seal
Erignathus barbatus
Kit M. Kovacs

Behavior, Overview
Peter L. Tyack

Beluga Whale
Delphinapterus leucas
Gregory M. O'Corry-Crowe

Biogeography
Rick LeDuc

Blubber
Sara J. Iverson

Blue Whale
Balaenoptera musculus
Richard Sears and William F. Perrin

Bones and Teeth, Histology of
Mary C. Maas

Bottlenose Whales
Hyperoodon ampullatus and H. planifrons
Shannon Gowans

Bowhead Whale
Balaena mysticetus
David J. Rugh and Kim E. W. Shelden

Bow-riding
Bernd Würsig

Brain
Helmut H.A. Oelschläger and Jutta S. Oelschläger

Brain Size Evolution
Lori Marino

Breathing
Douglas Wartzok

Breeding Sites
Mark A. Hindell

Bryde's Whales
Balaenoptera edeni/brydei
Hedehiro Kato and William F. Perrin

Burmeister's Porpoise
Phocoena spinipinnis
Julio C. Reyes

Bycatch
Simon Northridge

California, Galapagos, and Japanese Sea Lions
Carolyn B. Heath and William F Perrin

Callosities
Mason T. Weinrich

Captive Breeding
Todd R. Robeck, Justine K. O’Brien and Daniel K. Odell

Captivity
Peter Corkeron

Caspian and Baikal Seals
Nobuyuki Miyazaki

The Cephalorhynchus Dolphins
Stephen M. Dawson

Cetacean Ecology
Lisa T. Ballance

Cetacean Evolution
R. Ewan Fordyce

Cetacean Fossil Record
R. Ewan Fordyce

Cetacean Life-History
Susan J. Chivers

Cetacean Prenatal Development
Joy S. Reidenberg and Jeffrey T. Laitman

Circulatory System
Paul J. Ponganis

Classification
Dale W. Rice

Climate Change
Sue Moore

Clymene Dolphin
Stenella clymene
Thomas A. Jefferson

Coloration
William F. Perrin

Common Bottlenose Dolphin
Tursiops truncatus
Randall S. Wells and Michael D. Scott

Common Dolphins
Delphinus delphis and D. capensis
William F. Perrin

Communication in Marine Mammals
Kathleen M. Dudzinski, Jeanette A. Thomas and Justin D. Gregg

Competition with Fisheries
Éva E. Plagányi and Douglas S. Butterworth

Conservation Efforts
Randall R. Reeves

Crabeater Seal
Lobodon carcinophaga
John L. Bengtson

Culture in Whales and Dolphins
Hal Whitehead

Cuvier's Beaked Whale
Ziphius cavirostris
John E. Heyning

Dall's Porpoise
Phocoenoides dalli
Thomas A. Jefferson

Delphinids, Overview
Rick LeDuc

Dental Morphology, Evolution of
Mark D. Uhen

Desmostylia
Daryl P. Domning

Dialects
John K.B. Ford

Diet
Nelio B. Barros and Malcolm R. Clarke

Distribution
Jaume Forcada

Diving Behavior
Brent S. Stewart

Diving Physiology
Gerald L. Kooyman

Dugong
Dugong dugon
Helene Marsh

Dusky Dolphin
Lagenorhynchus obscurus
Koen Van Waerebeek and Bernd Würsig

Eared Seals
Otariidae
Roger L. Gentry

Earless Seals
Phocidae
Mike O. Hammill

Echolocation
Whitlow W. L. Au

Ecological Effects
James A. Estes

Ecology, Overview
Bernd Wursig

Elephant Seals
Mirounga angustirostris and M. leonina
Mark A. Hindell and Wiliam F. Perrin

Endangered Species and Populations
John E. Reynolds, Richard Merrick, Gregory K. Silber, and Douglas P. DeMaster

Endocrine Systems
Shannon Atkinson and David St. Aubin

Energetics
Daniel P. Costa

Entrapment and Entanglement
Jon Lien

Estrus and Estrous Behavior
Daryl J. Boness

Ethics and Marine Mammals
Marc Bekoff

Extinctions, Specific
T. Duffield

False Killer Whale
Pseudorca crassidens
Robin W. Baird

Feeding Morphology
Christopher D. Marshall

Feeding Strategy and Tactics
Michael R. Heithaus and Lawrence M. Dill

Female Reproductive System
R. E. A. Stewart and B. E. Stewart

Filter Feeding
Donald A. Croll, Bernie R. Tershy, and Kelly M. Newton

Fin Whale
Balaenoptera physalus
Alex Aguilar

Finless Porpoise
Masao Amano

Fisheries, Interference with
Dagmar Fertl

Fishing Industry, Effects of
Simon Northridge

Folklore and Legends
Rochelle Constantine

Forelimb Anatomy
Lisa Noelle Cooper

Forensic Genetics
C. Scott Baker and Merel L. Dalebout


Fossil Sites
R. Ewan Fordyce

Franciscana
Pontoporia blainvillei
Enrique A Crespo

Fraser's Dolphin
Lagenodelphis hosei
M. Louella and L. Dolar

Gastrointestinal Tract
James G. Mead

Genetics for Management
Phillip A. Morin and Andrew E. Dizon

Genetics, Overview
Per J. Palsboll

Geographic Variation
William F. Perrin

Giant Beaked Whales
Berardius bairdii and B. arnuxii
Toshio Kasuya

Gray Seal
Halichoerus grypus
Ailsa Hall and David Thompson

Gray Whale
Eschrichtius robustus
Mary Lou Jones and Steven L. Swartz

Group Behavior
Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez

Habitat Pressure
Peter G. H. Evans

Habitat Use
Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez

Hair and Fur
Pamela K. Yochem and Brent S. Stewart

Harbor Porpoise
Arne Bjorge

Harbor Seal and Spotted Seal
Phoca vitulina and P. largha
John J. Burns

Harp Seal
Pagophilus groenlandicus
David M. Lavigne

Health
Joseph R. Geraci and Valerie J. Lounsbury

Hearing
Sirpa Nummela

Hindlimb Anatomy
Peter J. Adam

History of Marine Mammal Research
Bernd Würsig and William F. Perrin

Hooded Seal
Cystophora cristata
Kit M. Kovacs

Hourglass Dolphin Lagenorhynchus cruciger
R. Natalie P. Goodall

Humpback Dolphins
Guido J. Parra and Graham J. B Ross

Humpback Whale
Megaptera novaeangliae
Phillip J. Clapham

Hunting of Marine Mammals
Randall R. Reeves

Hybridism
Martine Berube

Identification Methods
Randall S. Wells

Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale
Indopacetus pacificus
Robert Pitman

Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin
Tursiops aduncus
John Y. Wang and Shih-Chu Yang

Indo-West Pacific, Marine Mammals
Peter Rudolph and Chris Smeenk

Intelligence and Cognition
Bernd Würsig

International Whaling Commission
J.P. Donovan

Inuit and Marine Mammals
Stephen A. MacLean, Anne M. Jensen and Glenn W. Sheehan

Irrawaddy Dolphin
Brian D. Smith

Japanese Whaling
Toshio Kasuya

Killer Whale
Orcinus orca
John K.B. Ford

Krill and Other Plankton
Roger Hewitt and Jessica D. Lipsky

Language Learning and Cognitive Skills
Louis M. Herman

Locomotion, Terrestrial
Thomas A. Deméré and Joshua H. Yonas

Leopard Seal
Hydrurga leptonyx
Tracey L. Rogers

Male Reproductive Systems
Shannon Atkinson

Management
Jay Barlow

Manatees
Trichechus manatus, T. senegalensis, and T. inunguis
John E. Reynolds, III, James A. Powell and Cynthia R. Taylor

Marine Parks and Zoos
Daniel K. Odell and Loran Wlodarski

Marine Protected Areas
Erich Hoyt

Mark and Recapture Methods
Phipip S. Hammond

Mass Die-offs
John Harwood and Ailsa Hall

Mass Stranding
Brownell, P

Mating System
Sarah L. Mesnick and Katherine Ralls

Melon-headed Whale
Peponocephala electra
Wayne L. Perryman

Mesoplodont Whales
Mesoplodon spp.
Robert Pitman

Migration and Movement Patterns
S. Jonathan Stern

Mimicry
Peter L. Tyack

Minke Whales
Balaenoptera acutorostrata and B. bonaerensis
William F. Perrin and Robert L. Brownell, Jr.

Molecular Ecology
A. Rus Hoelzel

Monk Seals
Monachus monachus, M. tropicalis, and M. schauinslandi.
William G. Gilmartin and Jaume Forcada

Musculature
J. G. M. Thewissen

Museums and Collections
John E. Heyning

Mysticete Evolution
Annalisa Berta and Thomas A. Demeret

Narwhal
Monodon monoceros
M. P. Heide-Jorgensen

Neoceti
R. Ewan Fordyce

New Zealand Sea Lion
Phocarctos hookeri
Nicholas J. Gales

Noise, Effects of
Bernd Würsig and W. John Richardson

North Atlantic Marine Mammals
Gordon T. Waring and Debra L. Palka

North Pacific Marine Mammals
Sergio Escorza-Trevino

Northern Fur Seal
Roger L. Gentry

Ocean Environment
Paul C. Fiedler

Odobenocetops
Christian de Muizon

Omura's whale
Balaenoptera omurai
Tadasu K. Yamada

Osmoregulation
Daniel P. Costa

Otters, Marine
J.A. Estes, J.L. Bodkin and M. Ben-David

Pacific White-sided Dolphins
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
Nancy A. Black

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
Stenella attenuata
William F. Perrin

Parasites
J. Antonio Raga, Mercedes Fernández, Juan A. Balbuena, and F. Javier Aznar

Parental Behavior
Janet Mann

Pathology
Daniel F. Cowan

Peale's Dolphin
Lagenorhynchus australis
R. Natalie P. Goodall

Pilot Whales
Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus
Paula A. Olson

Pinnepedia, Overview
Annalisa Berta

Pinnipedia Ecology
W. D. Bowen, C. A. Beck and D. A. Austin

Pinnipedia, Evolution
Annalisa Berta

Pinnipedia Life History
Ian L. Boyd

Pinnipedia Physiology
Daniel E. Crocker Daniel P. Costa

Playful Behavior
Bernd Wursig

Polar Bear
Ursus maritimus
Ian Stirling

Pollution and Marine Mammals
Peter J.H. Reijnders

Popular Culture and Literature
Paul H. Forestell

Population Dynamics
Paul R. Wade

Population Status and Trends
Jay Barlow and Randall R. Reeves

Porpoises, Overview
Andrew J. Read

Predation on Marine Mammals
David W. Weller

Predator-Prey Relationships
Andrew W. Trites

Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales
Kogia breviceps and K. sima
Donald F. McAlpine

Pygmy Killer Whale Feresa attenuata
Meghan A. Donahue and Wayne L. Perryman

Pygmy Right Whale
Caperea marginata
Catherine Kemper

Remoras
Dagmar Fertl and André M. Landry, Jr

Reproductive Behavior
Michael A. Fedak, Ben Wilson and Paddy P. Pomeroy

Ribbon Seal
Histriophoca fasciata
Lloyd Lowry and Peter Boveng

Right Whale Dolphins
Lissodelphis borealis and L. peronii
Jessica D. Lipsky

Right Whales
Eubalaena glacialis, E. japonica, and E. australis
Robert D. Kenney

Ringed Seal
Pusa hispida
M.O. Hammill

Risso's Dolphin
Grampus griseus
Robin W. Baird

River Dolphins
Randall R. Reeves and Anthony R Martin

River Dolphins, Evolutionary History and Affinities
Christian de Muizon

Rookeries
George Anthony Antonelis

Ross Seal
Jeanette A. Thomas and Tracey Rogers

Rough-toothed Dolphin
Thomas A. Jefferson

Scrimshaw
Stuart M. Frank

Sealions, Overview
Daryl J. Boness

Sei Whale
Balaenoptera borealis
Joseph Horwood

Sensory Biology, Overview
J. G. M Thewissen

Sexual Dimorphism
Katherine Ralls and Sarah Mesnick

Shepherd's Beaked Whale
Tasmacetus shepherdi
James G. Mead

Signature Whistles
Laela S. Sayigh and Vincent M. Janik

Sirenian Evolution
Daryl P. Domning

Sirenian Life History
Daniel K. Odell

Skeletal Anatomy
Sentiel Rommel and John E. Reynolds

Skull Anatomy
Sentiel Rommel, D. Ann Pabst, and William A. McLellan

Sociobiology
Fritz Trillmilch

Song
Jim Darling

Sound Production
Adam S. Frankel

South American Marine Mammals
Enrique A. Crespo

South American Sea Lion
Otaria flavescens
Humberto Luis Cappozzo and Wiliam F. Perrin

Southern Fur Seals
ARCTOCEPHALUS SPP
John P. Y. Arnould

Species
William F. Perrin

Spectacled Porpoise
Phocoena dioptrica
R. Natalie P. Goodall

Speed
Frank E. Fish

Sperm Whale
Physeter macrocephalus
Hal Whitehead

Sperm Whales, Evolution
Guram A. Mchedlidze

Spermaceti
Dale W. Rice

Spinner Dolphin Stenella longirostris
William F. Perrin

Steller's Sea Cow
Hydrodamalis gigas
Paul K. Anderson and Daryl P. Domning

Steller's Sea Lion
Eumetopias jubatus
Thomas R. Loughlin

Stock Assessment
Jeffrey M. Breiwick and Anne E. York

Stock Identity
John Y. Wang

Stranding
William F. Perrin and Joseph R. Geraci

Streamlining
Frank E. Fish

Striped Dolphin
Stenella coeruleoalba
Frederick I. Archer II

Surveys
Karin A Forney

Sustainability
Charles W. Fowler and Michael A. Etnier

Susu and Bhulan
Platanista gangetica gangetica and P. g. minor
Brian D. Smith and Gillian T. Braulik

Swimming
Terrie M. Williams

Systematics, Overview
Annalisa Berta

Telemetry
Andrew J. Read

Territorial Behavior
Edward H. Miller

Thermoregulation
Michael Castellini

Thorax and Abdomen Anatomy
John E. Reynolds and Sentiel Rommell

Tool-use in Wild Bottlenose Dolphins
Janet Mann and Brooke Sargeant

Toothed Whales, Overview
Sascha K. Hooker

Training
Ted Turner, Todd Feucht, and Tyler Turner

Tucuxi
Paulo A. C Flores and Vera M. F. Da Silva

Tuna-Dolphin Issue
Tim Gerrodette

Vaquita
Phocoena sinus
Lorenzo Rojas-Bracho and Armando M. Jaramillo-Legorreta

Vision
Alla M. Mass and Alexander Ya. Supin

Walrus
Odobenus rosmarus
Ronald A. Kastelein

Weddell Seal
Leptonychotes weddellii
Jeanette A. Thomas and Jack Terhune

Whale Lice
Carl J. Pfeiffer

Whale Watching
Erich Hoyt

Whaling, Early and Aboriginal
Richard Ellis

Whaling, in the Azores
Richard Ellis

Whaling, Illegal and Pirate
Robert L. Brownell and Alexey V. Yablokov

Whaling, Modern
Phillip J. Clapham and C. Scott Baker

Whaling, Traditional
Richard Ellis

White-beaked Dolphin
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Carl Christian Kinze