Sources of the West

Preface   ix

How to Read a Document    xiii

 

Part iV   The Ancient Régime  1

The Wars of Religion   3

74.   Henry IV, The Edict of Nantes (1598)   3

75.   Cardinal Richelieu, The Political Testament (1638)   5

76.   Hans von Grimmelshausen, Simplicissimus (1669)   8

 

Subjects and Sovereigns   13

77.   James I, True Law of a Free Monarchy (1598)   13

78.   Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants (1579)   18

79.   Sir William Clarke, The Putney Debates (1647)   23

80.   Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651)   29

81.   John Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689)   32

82.   The English Bill of Rights, (1689)   36

83.   Duc De Saint-Simon, Memoirs (1694—1723)   42

 

Science and Commerce   46

84.   Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)    46

85.   René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637)   50

86.   Thomas Mun, England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664)    54

87.   Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)   59

 

Enlightened Monarchy    63

88.   Catherine the Great, Memoirs (ca. 1755)    63

89.   Maria Theresa, Testament (1749—1750)   66

90.   Viscount Bolingbroke, The Idea of a Patriot King (1749)   70

 

The Enlightenment   73

91.   Voltaire, Candide (1759)   73

92.   Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762)   77

93.   Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws (1748)    81

94.   Captain James Cook, Journals (1769)   85

95.   Joseph Crassons de Medeuil, Notes on the French Slave Trade (1784—1785)    89

96.   Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence (1776)   94

97.   Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (1764)   97

98.   Marquis de Condorcet, The Progress of the Human Mind (1793)  100

 

The French Revolution   103

99.   Abbé de Sieyès, What Is the Third Estate? (1789)   103

100. The Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789); Olympe de Gouges; The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791)   108

101. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)  113

 

Part V    The Age of Reform    117

Industrialization in Britain   119

102. Thomas Malthus, The Iron Law of Population Growth (1798)   119

103. Samuel Smiles, Self-Help (1859)   125

104. Sir Edwin Chadwick, Inquiry into the Condition of the Poor (1842)   129

105. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)   134

 

Nineteenth-Century Society and Culture   139

106. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (1813)   139

107. Henrietta-Lucy, Madame de la Tour du Pin, Memoirs (1820—1843)   143

108. Alexis Soyer, Modern Housewife (1850); Isabella Beeton,Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management (1861)    147

109. Documents of the Irish Potato Famine (1845—1849)   151

 

Political Critiques   158

110. J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)   158

111. Pierre Proudhon, What Is Property? (1840)   162

112. The Great Charter (1842)   166

113. William II, Letter to the Shogun (1844);Bakufu, Reply to the Government of Holland (1845)   170

114.      Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848)  174

115. Alexander II and Prince Kropotkin, The Emancipation of the Serfs (1861)  178

116. Otto von Bismarck, Reflections and Reminiscences (1898);Speech to the Reichstag (1879)   181

117. Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum (The Condition of Labor) (1891) 186

 

Emancipating the Mind and the Body   194

118. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)   194

119. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (1886)   197

120. Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1899)  202

121. Carl Jung, On the Nature of the Psyche    206

122. E. Sylvia Pankhurst, History of the Suffrage Movement (1912)   209

 

Thoughts on Empire   214

123. J. A. Hobson, Imperialism (1902)   214

124. Cecil Rhodes, Confession of Faith (1877)   217

125. Carl Veltin, Social Life of the Swahilis (late 19th century)   220

126. Rudyard Kipling, ”The White Man’s Burden” (1899)    226

127. George Orwell, ”Shooting an Elephant” (1936)    227

 

Part Vi   Twentieth-Century Europe   233

War and Revolution   235

128.Voices from the Battle of the Somme (1916)   235

129. Ernst Jünger, Storm of Steel (1920)   241

130. Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points (1918)   244

131. V. I. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? (1902)   247

 

The Second World War   251

132. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)   251

133. Winifred Holtby, Women and a Changing Civilization (1934)    254

134. Benito Mussolini, Fascist Doctrine (1932)   258

135. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (1923)   262

136. Memories of the Holocaust (1938—1945)   266

137. Winston Churchill, Speeches (1940)   272

138. Primo Levi, The Last Christmas of the War (1971)   275

139. Adolf Eichmann, Testimony (1961)    280

 

The Twentieth-Century Imagination   284

140. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (1929)   284

141. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)   289

142. Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism (1946)   293

143. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949)    297

The Transformation of Eastern Europe     302

144. Winston Churchill, ”The Iron Curtain” (1946)     302

145. Nikita Khrushchev, Report to the Communist Party Congress (1961)     306

146. Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika (1987)     310

147. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History? (1989)   315

 

Toward a New World   322

148. Charter of the United Nations (1946)   322

149. The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (1974)    326

150. Kofi Annan, Report on the Fall of Srebrenica (1999)   331

151. Report of the 9/11 Commission (2004)   340

 

Acknowledgments   347

Photo Credits   353