A Grammar of the Hittite Language

Preface



Abbreviations and Conventional Markings



General Abbreviations



Bibliographical Abbreviations



Introduction



The Hittites and Their Language



Decipherment



The Text Corpus



Modern Resources for Study



Cuneiform Editions



Commentaries



Sign Lexicon



Grammars



Dictionaries



Text Catalogues and Name Collections



Chapter 1. Orthography and Phonology



The Cuneiform Writing System of the Hittites



Orthography



Writing Conventions



Transcriptional Conventions



Homophony



Polyphony



Multivalence



New Values



Logogram Pronunciation



Phonology



Individual Phonemes (Vowels and Consonants)



Vowels



Consonants



Phonotactics



Onomatopoeia



Accent



Chapter 2



Noun and Adjective Formation



Underived Stems



Derived Stems



Reduplicated Nouns and Adjectives



Compounded Nouns and Adjectives



Chapter 3



Noun and Adjective Inflection



Inflectional Endings



The Basic Scheme



Common-Gender Nominative



Common-Gender Accusative



Neuter Nominative-Accusative



Ergative



Genitive



Dative-Locative



Vocative



Allative



Ablative



Instrumental



Stem Variation



Chapter 4



Noun and Adjective Declension



a-Stem Nouns



Common-Gender a-Stem Nouns



Neuter a-Stem Nouns



a-Stem Adjectives



i- and u-Stem Nouns



i-Stem Nouns



i-Mutation



Common-Gender i-Stem Nouns



Neuter i-Stem Nouns



ai-Stem Nouns



i-Stem Adjectives



u-Stem Nouns



Common-Gender u-Stem Nouns



Neuter u-Stem Nouns



au-Stem Nouns



u-Stem Adjectives



e-Stem Noun



Consonantal-Stem Nouns and Adjectives



-Stem Noun



l-Stem Nouns



al-Stem Nouns



e/il-Stem Nouns



ul-Stem Nouns



n-Stem Nouns



Neuter n-Stem Nouns



Common-Gender n-Stem Nouns



r-Stem Nouns and Adjectives



s-Stem Nouns



t-Stem Nouns and Adjectives



Simple t-Stem Nouns



nt-Stem Nouns and Adjectives



r/n-Stem Nouns



Non-Derived r/n-Stem Nouns



Derived Nouns with Suffix -atar



Derived Nouns with Suffix -eššar



Derived Nouns with Suffix -awar



Derived Nouns with Suffix -mar



Verbal Substantives



Irregular Consonant-Stem Nouns



Chapter 5



Personal Pronouns



Distinctive Features of Pronominal Stems and Endings



Accented (Independent) Personal Pronouns



Enclitic Personal Pronouns



Chapter 6



Possessive Pronouns



Chapter 7



Deixis: The Demonstratives



ka- and apa-



aši, uni, ini



anni-



Adverbs Built to Demonstratives



Chapter 8. Relative and Indefinite Pronouns



The Interrogative and Relative Pronoun kui-



The Indefinite Pronoun kuiški and the Distributive kuišša



Other Stems with Partial Pronominal Inflection



Chapter 9



Numbers



Form and Declension of the Cardinals



‘One’



‘Two’ to ‘Ten’



The Syntax of the Cardinals



Agreement in Case



Number Agreement with Non-Collectives



Counting Non-Decimal Sets



Word Order in Counting



Fractions



Ordinal Numbers



Ordinals in -t-



Multiplicatives



Distributives



Derivative Adjectives and Verbs



Numbers in Compounds



Compound Numbers



Chapter 10. Verb Formation



Reduplicated Roots



Verbal Suffixes and Infixes



Overview



The Individual Suffixes



Chapter 11



Verb Inflection



Types of Verbal Inflection



Irregularities in the mi-Conjugation



Irregularities in the ḫi-Conjugation



Medio-Passive Endings



Verbal Substantive, Participle, Infinitive, and Supine



Chapter 12



Conjugation of mi-Verbs



Consonantal Stems



Root Stems



Affixed Stems



Vocalic Stems



Ablauting



Non-Ablauting



Suppletive Verb



Verbs with Mixed Stems



Chapter 13



Conjugation of ḫi-Verbs



Consonantal Stems



Vocalic Stems



a-Stems



Stems Originally in -Cw-



ai-Stems



Stems with Mixed Inflection in -a- and -i-



Verbs with the Imperfective Suffix -anna/i-



Mixture of mi- and ḫi-Forms



Chapter14



Medio-Passive Conjugation



Consonantal Stems



Vocalic Stems



Chronology of the Medio-Passive Endings



Medio-Passive Stem Formation



Chapter 15



Grammatical Agreement



Types of Agreement



Lack of Agreement



In Gender



In Number



Chapter 16



Noun Cases



Generalities



Nominative



Vocative and ‘Naming Construction’



Other Forms of Direct Address



Accusative



Ergative



Genitive



Word Order in a Genitival Phrase



Dative-Locative



Indirect Object



Indicating Possession



Dative of Disadvantage



Goal



Purpose or Result



Location



Temporal Uses



Units of Measure and Dimensions



Additive-Incremental



Allative



Ablative



Instrumental



Cases with Particular Verbs



Chapter 17



Adjectives



Comparison of Adjectives



Comparative Degree



Superlative Degree



Chapter 18



Pronouns



Independent Personal Pronouns



Enclitic Personal Pronouns



(Third-Person) Subject Clitics



Intransitive Verbs with Subject Clitics



Intransitive Verbs without Subject Clitics



Other Clauses without Referential Subjects



Special Cases



Demonstrative Pronouns



ka-, apa-, and aši: Word Order



Declinable kaš kaš as a Distributive Expression



Correlated ka-Forms Having Different Cases



Other Deictic Elements



The Indefinite Pronoun kuiški



tamai-



Chapter 19



Adverbs



Local Adverbs



Temporal Adverbs



Adverbs of Manner



Denominative Adverbs



The Adverbial Suffix -ili



Adverbial Circumlocutions



Chapter 20



Local Adverbs, Preverbs, and Postpositions



Free-standing Adverbs



Preverbs



Postpositions



Chapter 21



Verb Voice



Active Voice



Middle Voice



Passive Voice



Chapter 22



Verb Tense



Present



Preterite



The Analytic Perfect Construction



Function



Form



Uniqueness within the Old Anatolian Indo-European Group



Examples



‘Stative’ Constructions with ḫar (k)- and eš-



Chapter 23



Verb Mood



Indicative



Imperative



Optative, Potential, and Irrealis



Optative



Potential and Irrealis



Chapter 24



Verb Aspect



Imperfectives



Adverbial Markers



Suffix Markers



Nuances of Imperfective Aspect



Choice of Suffix



Suffix Redundancy



kaša (tta) and kašma



The ‘Serial’ Use of pai- ‘to go’ and uwa- ‘to come’



Chapter 25



Non-Finite Verb Forms



Verbal Substantive



Infinitive



Supine



Participle



Chapter 26. Negation



natta



Word Order with natta



Negative Rhetorical Questions (with Negatives of Assertion)



nawi ‘not yet’



Imperatival and Categorical Negative le



le⸗man and numan



Categorical Negative le



Word Order with le



ne/ikku



Double Negatives



Carry-Over of Negative Force



Summary



Chapter 27



Questions



Intonation Marking



Yes-No Questions



Direct Questions with Interrogative Pronouns, Adjectives,



and Adverbs



Questions Posing Alternatives



Indirect Questions



Chapter 28



Particles



The Particle -wa (r-)



The Particle -z (a)



Form



Reflexive Function



Lexical Use of -z (a)



Use in Nominal Sentences and with the Verb ‘To Be’



The Local Particles -an, -apa, -ašta, -kan, and -šan



The Particle -kan



The ‘Local’ Value



Accompanying the ‘Dative of Disadvantage’



The Terminative Value



With Verbs of Hostility



Aspect Independent of Verb’s Lexical Meaning



Absence of Expected -kan



Summary



The Particle -šan



Co-occurring with the Adverb šer



Physical or Conceptual Movement toward an Object



The Particle -an



The Particle -apa



The Particle -ašta



The Particle -pat



Anaphoric



Particularizing



Restrictive



Contrastive



Chapter 29



Conjunctions



Clause-Initial Clause-Linking Conjunctions



Distribution



nu



šu



ta



Enclitic Clause-Linking Conjunctions



-a/-ma



-a/-ya



Asyndeton



Form



Function



Disjunction



naššu naš (šu)ma



-(a) ku -(a) ku



Chapter 30



Clauses



Word Order



Major Constituents



Deletion Processes



Sentential Clitics



Nominal and ‘To Be’ Sentences



Dependent Clauses



Temporal Clauses



Causal Clauses



Concessive Clauses



Conditional Clauses



Simple Conditions



Contrary-to-Fact Conditions



Relative Clauses



Indirect Statements and Questions



Multiple Dependent Clauses



Chapter 31. Sumerian and Akkadian



Sumerograms



Nouns, Adjectives, and Participles



Pronouns



Verbs



Akkadian Grammar



Orthography



Superscripting



Phonetic Complements



Phonology



Morphology



Nouns and Adjectives



Pronominal Suffixes



Numbers



Verbs



Conjunctions



Calques



Prepositions



References