Western Europe 2025

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Théo Aiolfi. Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Advanced Studies, CY Cergy Paris University, France. Marcus Böick. Assistant Professor in Modern German History and Fellow and Director of Studies in History of King’s College, University of Cambridge. Lino Briguglio. Professor of Economics, and Director, Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Malta. Marc Bühlmann. Director, Année Politique Suisse, University of Bern, Switzerland. Günther K. Chaloupek. Former Director of Economic Policy Section, Austrian Chamber of Labour, Vienna, Austria. Flemming Juul Christiansen. Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Denmark. Erica Consterdine. Senior Lecturer in Public Policy, Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion, Lancaster University, United Kingdom. Andrew Cottey. Senior Lecturer and Jean Monnet Chair in European Political Integration, Department of Government and Politics, University College Cork, Ireland. Xavier Cuadras Morató. Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. Elena Danescu. Research Scientist, Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Jakob de Haan. Professor of Political Economy, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Jeroen Dewulf. Queen Beatrix Professor in Dutch Studies, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Nicholas Dickinson. Bingham Early Career Fellow in Constitutional Studies, Balliol College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Michael J. Geary. Professor of Modern History and Jean Monnet Chair in History of European Integration, Department of Historical and Classical Studies, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway. Richard Gillespie. Emeritus Professor of Politics, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. Rögnvaldur Hannesson. Professor Emeritus, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway. Kari Heimonen. Professor, School of Business and Economics, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland. Anna-Lena Högenauer. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Mads Dagnis Jensen. Associate Professor, Department of International Economics, Government and Business, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. Mikko Kuisma. Program Lead and Lecturer, University of Tübingen, Germany. Mart Kuldkepp. Associate Professor of Scandinavian History and Politics, Department of Scandinavian Studies/ European Social and Political Studies, University College London, United Kingdom. Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Assistant Professor, Nova School of Business and Economics and University of Aveiro, Portugal. Robert E. Looney. Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, and international consultant specializing in economic development. Kurt Richard Luther. Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics, Keele University, United Kingdom, and Visiting Professor, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Muiris MacCarthaigh. Professor of Politics and Public Policy, School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics, Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom, and adjunct Professor at the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland. Gylfi Magnússon. Professor, Finance and Economics, School of Business, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. Lars Magnusson. Professor in Economic History, Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, Sweden. Tommy Möller. Professor of Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden. Jeremy Moulton. Lecturer, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of York. James L. Newell. Co-Editor of Contemporary Italian Politics, Routledge, United Kingdom. Stefanía Óskarsdóttir. Associate Professor, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. Godfrey A. Pirotta. Professor of Government and Policy Studies, and Chairperson, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, Malta. Min Reuchamps. Professor of Political Science, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium. Christian Schweiger. Visiting Professor and Chair, Comparative European Governance Systems, Institute for Political Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany. Paul Smith. Head of French, Department of Modern Languages and Cultures, School of Cultures, Languages and Area Studies, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. Tobias Straumann. Senior Lecturer of Economic History, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Francisco Torres. Visiting Professor, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal.

PART ONE General Survey

The European Union: Navigating an Uncertain Future

MICHAEL J. GEARY

Economic Perspectives in Western Europe, the European Union and the Eurozone

CHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER

European Foreign and Security Policy

ANDREW COTTEY

Russia and Energy Security in Western Europe

ROBERT E. LOONEY

The Environment and Climate Change in Western Europe

JEREMY MOULTON

The Politics of Migration in Western Europe

ERICA CONSTERDINE

Populism in Western Europe: Profiteers or Victims of Crises?

MARCEL LEWANDOWSKY

PART TWO Country Surveys

Sections on geography, history, chronology and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country

ANDORRA

AUSTRIA

History KURT RICHARD LUTHER

Economy GÜNTHER K. CHALOUPEK

BELGIUM

History MIN REUCHAMPS

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

DENMARK

History FLEMMING JUUL CHRISTIANSEN and MADS DAGNIS JENSEN

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

DANISH EXTERNAL TERRITORIES

THE FAROE ISLANDS

GREENLAND

FINLAND

History MIKKO KUISMA

Economy KARI HEIMONEN

FINNISH EXTERNAL TERRITORY

THE ÅLAND ISLANDS

FRANCE

History PAUL SMITH

Economy THÉO AIOLFI

GERMANY

History MARCUS BÖICK

Economy CHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER

ICELAND

History STEFANIA OSKARSDOTTIR

Economy GYLFI MAGNUSSON

IRELAND

History MUIRIS MACCARTHAIGH

Economy MICHAEL GEARY

ITALY

History JAMES L. NEWELL

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

LIECHTENSTEIN

LUXEMBOURG

History ANNA-LENA HÖGENAUER

Economy ELENA DANESCU

MALTA

History GODFREY A. PIROTTA

Economy LINO BRIGUGLIO

MONACO

THE NETHERLANDS

History JEROEN DEWULF

Economy JAKOB DE HAAN

NORWAY

History MART KULDKEPP

Economy RÖGNVALDUR HANNESSON

NORWEGIAN EXTERNAL TERRITORIES

SVALBARD

JAN MAYEN

PORTUGAL

History MARCO LISI

Economy MIGUEL LEBRE DE FREITAS and FRANCISCO TORRES

SAN MARINO

SPAIN

History RICHARD GILLESPIE

Economy XAVIER CUADRAS MORATO

SWEDEN

History TOMMY MÖLLER

Economy LARS MAGNUSSON

SWITZERLAND

History MARC BÜHLMANN

Economy TOBIAS STRAUMANN

THE UNITED KINGDOM

History NICHOLAS DICKINSON

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

UNITED KINGDOM CROWN DEPENDENCIES

THE CHANNEL ISLANDS

Guernsey

Islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey

Jersey

THE ISLE OF MAN

UNITED KINGDOM OVERSEAS TERRITORY

GIBRALTAR

THE VATICAN CITY

PART THREE Regional Information

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)