Western Europe 2022

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Reem Ahmed. Researcher, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, University of Hamburg, Germany. Jussi Ahokas. Chief Economist, SOSTE (Finnish Federation for Social Affairs and Health), Helsinki, Finland. Michael Baum. Director of Global Education Office and Professor Catedrático Convidado, Faculty of Human Sciences, Catholic University of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal. Lino Briguglio. Professor of Economics, and Director, Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Malta. Manuela Caiani. Associate Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy. Alexander Caviedes. Director, Academic Advisement and Information Center, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York, USA. Günther K. Chaloupek. Former Director of Economic Policy Section, Austrian Chamber of Labour, Vienna, Austria. Jacob Christensen. Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Work and Administration, University College Lillebaelt, Odense, Denmark. Clive H. Church. Emeritus Professor of European Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom. John Coakley. Professor, School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics, Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom, and Fellow of the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland. Barry Colfer. Research Fellow, St Edmund’s College, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Researcher DIGIPAL project, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, and Research Fellow, The Institute for the Future of Work, London, United Kingdom. Andrew Cottey. Senior Lecturer and Jean Monnet Chair in European Political Integration, Department of Government and Politics, University College Cork, Ireland. Xavier Cuadras Morató. Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. Elena Danescu. Research Scientist, Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Jakob de Haan. Professor of Political Economy, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Nicholas Dickinson. Bingham Early Career Fellow in Constitutional Studies, Balliol College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Richard Gillespie. Emeritus Professor of Politics, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. Rögnvaldur Hannesson. Professor Emeritus, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway. Anna-Lena Högenauer. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Mikko Kuisma. Program Lead and Lecturer, University of Tübingen, Germany. Mart Kuldkepp. Associate Professor of Scandinavian History and Politics, Department of Scandinavian Studies/ European Social and Political Studies, University College London, United Kingdom. David Lea. Writer and analyst on European political and economic affairs. Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Assistant Professor, Nova School of Business and Economics and University of Aveiro, Portugal. Robert E. Looney. Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, and international consultant specializing in economic development. Kurt Richard Luther. Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics, Keele University, United Kingdom, and Visiting Professor, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Gylfi Magnússon. Professor, Finance and Economics, School of Business, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. Lars Magnusson. Professor in Economic History, Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, Sweden. Susan Milner. Professor of European Politics and Society, Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies, University of Bath, United Kingdom. Tommy Möller. Professor of Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden. Brendan Moore. Senior Research Associate, Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. Anthony Mughan. Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. James L. Newell. Co-Editor of Contemporary Italian Politics, Routledge, United Kingdom. Stefanía Óskarsdóttir. Associate Professor, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland. William E. Paterson. Honorary Professor of German and European Politics, Aston Centre for Europe, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Godfrey A. Pirotta. Professor of Government and Policy Studies, and Chairperson, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, Malta. Daniela Pisoiu. Senior Researcher, Austrian Institute for International Affairs, Vienna, Austria. Christian Schweiger. Visiting Professor and Chair, Comparative European Governance Systems, Institute for Political Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany. James Shields. Honorary Professor in French Studies, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Tobias Straumann. Senior Lecturer of Economic History, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Paul Tobin. Senior Lecturer, Department of Politics, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. Francisco Torres. Visiting Professor, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal. Steven B. Wolinetz. Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.

PART ONE General Survey

The European Union Response to COVID-19: A Shot in the Arm for Integration

BARRY COLFER

Western Europe, the European Union and the Eurozone Economic Perspectives

CHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER

European Foreign and Security Policy

ANDREW COTTEY

Environmental Policy in Western Europe

PAUL TOBIN and BRENDAN MOORE

The Challenges of Internal and External Migration in Europe

ALEXANDER CAVIEDES

Parties, Politics and Populism in Western Europe

MANUELA CAIANI

Islam and Western Europe

REEM AHMED and DANIELA PISOIU

PART TWO Country Surveys

Sections on geography, history, chronology and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country

ANDORRA

AUSTRIA

History KURT RICHARD LUTHER

Economy GÜNTHER K. CHALOUPEK

BELGIUM

History ANTHONY MUGHAN

Economy DAVID LEA

DENMARK

History JACOB CHRISTENSEN

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

DANISH EXTERNAL TERRITORIES

THE FAROE ISLANDS

GREENLAND

FINLAND

History MIKKO KUISMA

Economy JUSSI AHOKAS

FINNISH EXTERNAL TERRITORY

THE ÅLAND ISLANDS

FRANCE

History JAMES SHIELDS

Economy SUSAN MILNER

GERMANY

History WILLIAM E. PATERSON

Economy CHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER

ICELAND

History STEFANIA OSKARSDOTTIR

Economy GYLFI MAGNUSSON

IRELAND

History JOHN COAKLEY

Economy DAVID LEA

ITALY

History JAMES L. NEWELL

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

LIECHTENSTEIN

LUXEMBOURG

History ANNA-LENA HÖGENAUER

Economy ELENA DANESCU

MALTA

History GODFREY A. PIROTTA

Economy LINO BRIGUGLIO

MONACO

THE NETHERLANDS

History STEVEN B. WOLINETZ

Economy JAKOB DE HAAN

NORWAY

History MART KULDKEPP

Economy RÖGNVALDUR HANNESSON

NORWEGIAN EXTERNAL TERRITORIES

SVALBARD

JAN MAYEN

PORTUGAL

History STEWART LLOYD-JONES and MICHAEL BAUM

Economy MIGUEL LEBRE DE FREITAS and FRANCISCO TORRES

SAN MARINO

SPAIN

History RICHARD GILLESPIE

Economy XAVIER CUADRAS MORATO

SWEDEN

History TOMMY MÖLLER

Economy LARS MAGNUSSON

SWITZERLAND

History CLIVE H. CHURCH

Economy TOBIAS STRAUMANN

THE UNITED KINGDOM

History NICHOLAS DICKINSON

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

UNITED KINGDOM CROWN DEPENDENCIES

THE CHANNEL ISLANDS

Guernsey

Islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey

Jersey

THE ISLE OF MAN

UNITED KINGDOM OVERSEAS TERRITORY

GIBRALTAR

THE VATICAN CITY

PART THREE Regional Information

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)