The Far East and Australasia 2021

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Bryant J. Allen. Former Visiting Fellow, State Society and Governance in Melanesia Program, School of International, Political and Strategic Studies, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Robert F. Ash. Emeritus Professor, China Institute, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom. Dean Aszkielowicz. Lecturer, College of Arts, Business, Law and Social Sciences, and Fellow of the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. Frank Bongiorno. Professor, School of History, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Anne Booth. Emerita Professor of Economics, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom. Kerry Brown. Director of the Lau China Institute and Professor of Chinese Studies, King’s College London, United Kingdom. Ian Campbell. Former Professor, School of Social Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Chan Kok Hoe. Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore. James Chin. Professor of Asian Studies, University of Tasmania, Australia. Paul D’Arcy. Associate Professor, School of Culture, History and Language, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Jörn Dosch. Professor of International Relations and Development Co-operation, University of Rostock, Germany. Ronald Duncan AO. Emeritus Professor, Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Sophal Ear. Cambodianist, Trustee, Center for Khmer Studies, and Associate Professor, Department of Diplomacy and World Affairs, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Nicholas Farrelly. Professor and Head of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. Dafydd Fell. Reader in Comparative Politics, with special reference to Taiwan, Department of Politics and International Studies, Director, Centre of Taiwan Studies, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom. Stewart Firth. Research Fellow, Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Aidan Foster-Carter. Honorary Senior Research Fellow in Sociology and Modern Korea, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. Volker Grabowsky. Professor of Thai Studies, Head of Southeast Asia Department, Asia-Africa Institute, University of Hamburg, Germany. Jeanine Graham. Former Senior Lecturer in History, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Lok Sang Ho. Professor of Economics, Centre for Public Policy Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong. James E. Hoare. Associate Fellow, Asia-Pacific Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, United Kingdom. Douglas Hunt. Lecturer in Economics, and Research Fellow, Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Kenneth E. Jackson. Former Director, Centre for Development Studies, University of Auckland, and Adjunct Research Professor, Auckland Institute of Studies, Auckland, New Zealand. Trude Jacobsen. Professor in Asian History, Department of History, College of Arts and Liberal Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA. Randall Jones. Former Head of the Japan/Korea Desk at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, and Visiting Scholar, Columbia University, New York, USA. Walid Jumblatt bin Abdullah. Assistant Professor, Public Policy and Global Affairs Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Wee Chian Koh. Researcher, Centre for Strategic and Policy Studies, Brunei Darussalam, and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam. Charles Krusekopf. Professor, School of Business, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, Canada. Michael Leach. Professor of Politics and International Relations, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, and Co-founder of the Timor-Leste Studies Association. Suiwah Leung. Honorary Associate Professor of Economics, Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. S. R. Joey Long. Associate Professor and Head, Department of History, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Robert E. Looney. International Consultant specializing in economic development, and Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. Mats Lundahl. Professor Emeritus of Development Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden. Anthony Milner. Professorial Fellow, University of Melbourne, Australia, Visiting Professor, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and Emeritus Professor, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. N. J. Miners. Former Reader in Political Science, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Gaea Morales. Ph.D. Student, Political Science and International Relations, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Andrew C. Nahm. Former Professor Emeritus of History and Consultant to the Office of International Education and Programs, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA. Li Narangoa. Professor of Asian History, and Director of the Mongolia Institute, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australia. Bhanupong Nidhiprabha. Professor, Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand. Michael G. Plummer. Director of the European campus of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS Europe) and Eni Professor of International Economics, Johns Hopkins University, Bologna, Italy, and non-resident Senior Fellow, East-West Center, Honalulu, HI, USA. Shyama Ratnasiri. Senior Lecturer in Economics, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Christopher B. Roberts. Former Director of the National Asian Studies Centre, Faculty of Business, Government and Law, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia. James R. Rush. Professor of History, School of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. John T. Sidel. Sir Patrick Gillam Professor of International and Comparative Politics, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom. Fredrik Sjöholm. Professor and Director, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden. Ross Steele. Former Principal Demographer, Department of Planning Transport and Infrastructure, Government of South Australia, and Adjunct Academic Staff, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Robert Sutter. Professor of Practice of International Affairs, The Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. James Tang. Former Dean of the School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore. Ardeth Thawnghmung. Professor and Chair, Political Science Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA. Hiroaki Richard Watanabe. Lecturer, School of East Asian Studies, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Michael Meow-Chung Yap. Associate Professor, Business Economics and Quantitative Methods Division, Nottingham University Business School, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

PART ONE General Survey

The USA’s Turn Against China: Determinants, Evolution and Outlook

ROBERT SUTTER

Regional Trade Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region: From the USA-China Trade War to the COVID-19 Pandemic

MICHAEL G. PLUMMER

China’s Belt and Road Initiative

ROBERT E. LOONEY

Islam in South-East Asia: Politics in Faith

WALID JUMBLATT BIN ABDULLAH

The Korean Peninsula: Conflict and Dialogue

AIDAN FOSTER-CARTER

PART TWO Country Surveys

Sections on geography, history and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country. A dedicated section on the Pacific islands, which includes an introductory essay and directory and statistical information for each of the Pacific islands and a locally focused bibliography.

AUSTRALIA

History FRANK BONGIORNO

Economy DOUGLAS HUNT and SHYAMA RATNASIRI

AUSTRALIAN DEPENDENCIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Christmas Island

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Heard Island and the McDonald Islands

BRUNEI

History CHRISTOPHER B. ROBERTS

Economy WEE CHIAN KOH

CAMBODIA

History TRUDE JACOBSEN

Economy SOPHAL EAR and GAEA MORALES

THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

History KERRY BROWN

Economy ROBERT F. ASH

CHINESE SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS

HONG KONG

History JAMES TANG (based on an earlier article by N. J. MINERS)

Economy LOK SANG HO

MACAO

History

Economy

INDONESIA

History JAMES R. RUSH

Economy ANNE BOOTH

JAPAN

History DEAN ASZKIELOWICZ

Economy HIROAKI RICHARD WATANABE

KOREA

History up to the Korean War ANDREW C. NAHM (with revisions by JAMES E. HOARE)

THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

History AIDAN FOSTER-CARTER (based on an earlier article by ANDREW C. NAHM)

Economy ROBERT F. ASH

THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

History AIDAN FOSTER-CARTER (based on an earlier article by ANDREW C. NAHM)

Economy RANDALL JONES

THE LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

History VOLKER GRABOWKSY

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

MALAYSIA

History JAMES CHIN and ANTHONY MILNER

Economy MICHAEL MEOW-CHUNG YAP

MONGOLIA

History LI NARANGOA

Economy CHARLES KRUSEKOPF

MYANMAR (BURMA)

History ARDETH THAWNGHMUNG

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

NEW ZEALAND

History JEANINE GRAHAM

Economy KENNETH E. JACKSON

THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

Background to the Pacific Islands BRYANT J. ALLEN

History of the Pacific Islands IAN CAMPBELL

Contemporary Politics of the Pacific Islands STEWART FIRTH and PAUL D’ARCY

Security in the Pacific Islands STEWART FIRTH and PAUL D’ARCY

Economies of the Pacific Islands RONALD DUNCAN

Environmental Issues of the Pacific Islands ROSS STEELE

AUSTRALIAN PACIFIC TERRITORIES

Coral Sea Islands Territory

Norfolk Island

FIJI

FRENCH PACIFIC OVERSEAS COLLECTIVITIES

French Polynesia

The Wallis and Futuna Islands

OTHER FRENCH PACIFIC OVERSEAS TERRITORY

New Caledonia

KIRIBATI

THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

NAURU

NEW ZEALAND PACIFIC TERRITORY

Tokelau

NEW ZEALAND PACIFIC ASSOCIATED STATES

The Cook Islands

Niue

PALAU

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

SAMOA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

TONGA

TUVALU

UNITED KINGDOM PACIFIC TERRITORY

The Pitcairn Islands

US COMMONWEALTH TERRITORY IN THE PACIFIC

The Northern Mariana Islands

US EXTERNAL TERRITORIES IN THE PACIFIC

American Samoa

Guam

OTHER US TERRITORIES IN THE PACIFIC

Baker and Howland Islands

Jarvis Island

Johnston Atoll

Kingman Reef

Midway Island

Palmyra

Wake Island

VANUATU

THE PHILIPPINES

History JOHN T. SIDEL

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

SINGAPORE

History S. R. JOEY LONG

Economy CHAN KOK HOE

TAIWAN

History DAFYDD FELL

Economy ROBERT F. ASH

THAILAND

History NICHOLAS FARRELLY

Economy BHANUPONG NIDHIPRABHA

TIMOR-LESTE (EAST TIMOR)

History MICHAEL LEACH

Economy MATS LUNDAHL and FREDRIK SJÖHOLM

VIET NAM

History JÖRN DOSCH

Economy SUIWAH LEUNG

PART THREE Regional Information

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

MAJOR COMMODITIES OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

CALENDARS AND TIME RECKONING

RESEARCH INSTITUTES STUDYING THE FAR EAST AND AUSTRALASIA

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)

INDEX OF REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

INDEX OF TERRITORIES

LIST OF MAPS