Africa South of the Sahara 2021

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field: Alexandre Abreu. Researcher, Centre of African and Development Studies, University of Lisbon, Portugal. George M. Bob-Milliar. Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Political Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Sir Mervyn Brown. Former British Ambassador in Madagascar. Member, Académie Malgache. Anna Bruzzone. Stipendiary Lecturer in European and World History, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Marisé Castro. Researcher, Amnesty International, International Secretariat, London, United Kingdom. Tony Chafer. Professor of Contemporary French Area Studies and Director of the Centre for European and International Studies, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. Julian Cooke. Editor of the Anglo-Malagasy Society Newsletter. Sylvia Croese. Research Officer, African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Devon E. A. Curtis. Lecturer in Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Björn Dahlin van Wees. Economist specializing in sub-Saharan Africa. Juan Fandos-Rius. Encyclopaedist and historian of the Central African Republic. Sheereen Fauzel. Researcher, PhD in Development Economics, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. Marie Gibert. Visiting Fellow, Centre for European and International Studies Research, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom. Solomon M. Gofie. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. Stephen Harmon. Late Professor of History, Pittsburg State University, Kansas, USA. Abdourahmane Idrissa. Assistant Professor, African Studies Centre, Leiden University, Netherlands, and Humboldt Researcher, University of Göttingen, Germany. Michael Jennings. Senior Lecturer in International Development, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom. Warka Solomon Kahsay. Saint Francis Xavier University, Antogonish, Canada. Fred van der Kraaij. Economist specializing in Liberia and the Western Sahel. Robert E. Looney. International consultant specializing in economic development and Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA. Hugh Macmillan. Research Associate, African Studies Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Giuseppe Maimone. Adjunct Professor, Department of Political Sciences and International Relations, University of Palermo, Italy. Albert Makochekanwa. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. Zoe Marriage. Reader in Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom. Paul Melly. Journalist specializing in francophone Africa and Associate Fellow of the Africa Programme at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), United Kingdom. Ticky Monekosso. Journalist and researcher specializing in human rights, development issues and related humanitarian affairs in Africa, and founder of Afromedi@net. Gregory Mthembu-Salter. Research Associate, South African Institute of International Affairs. Katharine Murison. Former Editor of Africa South of the Sahara. Luca Raineri. Research Fellow in Security Studies, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy. Christopher Saunders. Emeritus Professor, Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Boopen Seetanah. Professor, Co-Chair of the WTO Chair Programme and Director of Research at the International Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Hospitality, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. Gerhard Seibert. Associate Researcher, Centre for International Studies, ISCTE—Lisbon University Institute, Portugal. Max Siollun. Historian and author specializing in Nigeria’s political and military history. Sishuwa Sishuwa. Lecturer in African History, University of Zambia, Zambia. Donald L. Sparks. Emeritus Professor of International Economics, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, and Lecturer in International Business, Management Centre Innsbruck, Austria. Leighann Spencer. PhD candidate, Charles Sturt University, Australia, and Tutor in Justice Studies, La Trobe University, Australia. David Styan. Department of Politics, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom. Helen Ware. Professor of Peace Studies, School of Humanities, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. Jörg Wiegratz. Lecturer in Political Economy of Global Development, School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, United Kingdom. Paul D. Williams. Professor, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, USA. Duncan Woodside. Journalist and analyst specializing in economics and conflict in the Great Lakes of Africa. Ralph Young. Former Senior Lecturer, Department of Government, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

PART ONE General Survey

Economic Trends in Africa South of the Sahara DONALD L. SPARKS

Beyond Françafrique—The State of Relations Between France and Africa TONY CHAFER

State Failure in Africa: Causes, Consequences and Responses PAUL D. WILLIAMS

A Century of Development: Policy and Process in Sub-Saharan Africa MICHAEL JENNINGS

An Analysis of the Rule of Law in Sub-Saharan Africa LEIGHANN SPENCER

Brazil’s Declining Engagement with Africa GERHARD SEIBERT

PART TWO Country Surveys

Essays on geography, history and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country:

ANGOLA

Recent History SYLVIA CROESE

Economy SYLVIA CROESE

BENIN

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy PAUL MELLY

BOTSWANA

Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY

BURKINA FASO

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy PAUL MELLY

BURUNDI

Recent History DEVON E. A. CURTIS

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

CABO VERDE

Recent History GERHARD SEIBERT

Economy GERHARD SEIBERT

CAMEROON

Recent History HELEN WARE

Economy TICKY MONEKOSSO

THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Recent History JUAN FANDOS-RIUS

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

CHAD

Recent History

Economy PAUL MELLY

THE COMOROS

Recent History PAUL MELLY

Economy PAUL MELLY

Mayotte

THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Recent History ZOE MARRIAGE

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy TICKY MONEKOSSO

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Recent History MARIE GIBERT

Economy MARIE GIBERT

DJIBOUTI

Recent History DAVID STYAN

Economy DAVID STYAN

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

Recent History MARISÉ CASTRO

Economy MARISÉ CASTRO

ERITREA

Recent History WARKA SOLOMON KAHSAY

Economy WARKA SOLOMON KAHSAY

ESWATINI (SWAZILAND)

Recent History HUGH MACMILLAN

Economy

ETHIOPIA

Recent History SOLOMON M. GOFIE

Economy

GABON

Recent History RALPH YOUNG

Economy RALPH YOUNG

THE GAMBIA

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

GHANA

Recent History GEORGE M. BOB-MILLIAR

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

GUINEA

Recent History MARIE GIBERT

Economy MARIE GIBERT

GUINEA-BISSAU

Recent History MARIE GIBERT (based on an earlier article by ALEXANDRE ABREU)

Economy MARIE GIBERT (based on an earlier article by ALEXANDRE ABREU)

KENYA

Recent History MICHAEL JENNINGS

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

LESOTHO

Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS

Economy

LIBERIA

Recent History FRED VAN DER KRAAIJ

Economy FRED VAN DER KRAAIJ

MADAGASCAR

Recent History JULIAN COOKE (based on an earlier article by MERVYN BROWN)

Economy JULIAN COOKE

MALAWI

Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS

Economy

MALI

Recent History STEPHEN HARMON

Economy PAUL MELLY

MAURITANIA

Recent History GIUSEPPE MAIMONE

Economy PAUL MELLY

MAURITIUS

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy BOOPEN SEETANAH and SHEEREEN FAUZEL

MOZAMBIQUE

Recent History MARISÉ CASTRO

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

NAMIBIA

Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS

Economy

NIGER

Recent History LUCA RAINERI (based on an earlier article by ABDOURAHMANE IDRISSA)

Economy

NIGERIA

Recent History MAX SIOLLUN

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

RÉUNION

Recent History

Economy

RWANDA

Recent History DUNCAN WOODSIDE

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

SAINT HELENA, ASCENSION AND TRISTAN DA CUNHA

Recent History

Economy

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE

Recent History GERHARD SEIBERT

Economy GERHARD SEIBERT

SENEGAL

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy MARIE GIBERT

SEYCHELLES

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

SIERRA LEONE

Recent History LEIGHANN SPENCER

Economy

SOMALIA

Recent History

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE (based on an earlier article by ANNA BRUZZONE

SOUTH AFRICA

Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS

Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY

SOUTH SUDAN

Recent History DUNCAN WOODSIDE

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

SUDAN

Recent History DUNCAN WOODSIDE

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

TANZANIA

Recent History MICHAEL JENNINGS

Economy JÖRG WIEGRATZ

TOGO

Recent History KATHARINE MURISON

Economy PAUL MELLY

UGANDA

Recent History MICHAEL JENNINGS

Economy JÖRG WIEGRATZ

ZAMBIA

Recent History SISHUWA SISHUWA (based on an earlier article by GREGORY MTHEMBU-SALTER)

Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE

ZIMBABWE

Recent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS

Economy ALBERT MAKOCHEKANWA

PART THREE Regional Information

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

MAJOR COMMODITIES OF AFRICA

CALENDARS

RESEARCH INSTITUTES CONCERNED WITH AFRICA

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)