Speak Up!

Brief Contents
Preface


THE BASICS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING





INTRODUCING PUBLIC SPEAKING
What Is Public Speaking?
Why Study Public Speaking?
Using Public Speaking as a Student
Video 1.1: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms”
Using Public Speaking in Your Career
Using Public Speaking in Your Community
Public Speaking: A Great Tradition
Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline
From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process
New Technologies, New Channels
Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity
 Video 1.2: “Humanity 4 Haitian Development”
Emphasis on Critical Thinking
A Focus on Free, Engaged, and Ethical Communication
Chapter Review

DEVELOPING YOUR FIRST SPEECH
Why Prepare?
The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation
Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech
Analyze Your Audience
Select Your Topic
Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose
Create a Thesis Statement
Determine Your Main Points
Video 2.1: “Previews, Transitions, and Summaries”
Develop Supporting Materials
Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech
Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion
Key Term: Introduction
Key Term: Conclusion
Incorporate Transitions
Key Term: Transition
Consider Your Word Choice
Consider Presentation Aids
Practice Your Speech
Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery
Video 2.2: “Lui, Preventing Cyberbullying”
Deliver Your Speech
Video 2.3: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”
Overcoming Speech Anxiety
Prepare Early and Follow a Plan
Practice Your Speech
Take Care of Yourself
Visualize Success
Use Relaxation Techniques
Check Out Some Apps
Volunteer to Speak First
Never Defeat Yourself
Chapter Review
Video 2.4: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”

SPEECH ETHICS
Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative
Legal Speech vs. Ethical Speech
Communicating Truthfully
Lying
Half-Truths
False Inference
Acknowledging the Work of Others
Video 3.1: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”
Quoting from a Source
Video 3.2: “Citing Someone Else’s Idea”
Paraphrasing the Work of Others
Key Term: Paraphrasing
Common Knowledge
Using Sound Reasoning
Being an Ethical Listener
Show Courtesy
Demonstrate an Open Mind
Hold the Speaker Accountable
Chapter Review

LISTENING SKILLS
The Listening Process
Listening vs. Hearing
Processing What You’ve Heard
Retaining What You’ve Processed
Listening Styles
The Culprits behind Poor Listening
Unprocessed Note Taking
Nonlistening
Interruptive Listening
Agenda-Driven Listening
Argumentative Listening
Nervous Listening
Becoming a Better Listener
Filter Out Distractions
Focus on the Speaker
Show That You Are Paying Attention
Maximizing Your Audience’s Listening
Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech
Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech
Listening When You Are in the Audience
Chapter Review

AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
Understanding Situational Characteristics
Size
Time
Location
Mobility
Incorporating Demographics
Key Term Video: Demographics
Age
Video 5.1: “Poplin, The Importance of Community Service and Civic Engagement”
Gender Composition
Video 5.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown over Time”
Sexual Orientation
Race and Ethnicity
Religious Orientation
Socioeconomic Background
Political Affiliation
Putting the Demographic Pieces Together
Seeking Common Ground
Video 5.3: “Kim, The Non-monetary Use of Gold”
Identifying Prior Exposure
Identifying Audience Disposition
Gathering Information about Your Audience
Surveying Your Audience
Interviewing Your Audience
Considering and Observing Your Audience
Situational Audience Analysis
Chapter Review

SELECTING YOUR TOPIC
Developing a Set of Potential Topics
Research
Brainstorming
Word Association
Mind Mapping
Selecting the Best Topic
Consider the Assignment
Consider Your Audience
Consider Your Knowledge and Interests
Video 6.1 “Humanity 4 Haitian Development”
Consider the Speech Context
Choose a Topic and Stick with It
Refining Your Topic
Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose
Narrow Your Topic
Video 6.2: “Overused Topic (Needs Improvement)”
Drafting Your Specific Purpose
Drafting Your Thesis Statement
Key Term: Thesis Statement
Video 6.3: “Thesis Statement” and “Thesis Statement: Needs Focus (Needs Improvement)”
Chapter Review
Video 6.4: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”

RESEARCHING YOUR SPEECH
Research Is Essential
Video 7.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
Research Works Best When You Have a Plan
Inventory Your Research Needs
Find the Sources You Need
Keep Track of Your Sources
Key Term Video: Citation
Evaluating a Source’s Credibility
Expertise
Objectivity
Observational Capacity
Recency
Video 7.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”
Conducting Library Research
Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
Reference Works
Government Documents
Using the Internet
Benefits of Internet Research
Disadvantages of Internet Research
Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources
Credibility of Social Media
Searching the World Wide Web
Interviewing Sources
Prepare for Your Interview
Set Up Your Interview
Plan Your Interview Questions
Conduct the Interview
Evaluate Your Notes
Presenting Evidence in Your Speeches
Clearly Cite Your Source
Present the Information Accurately
Key Term Video: Paraphrase
Video 7.3: “Citing Sources (Statistics)”
Chapter Review
Video 7.4: “Kruckenberg, John Kanzius and the Quest to Cure Cancer”

USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR YOUR SPEECH
Key Term: Supporting Materials
Why Use Supporting Materials?
Building Audience Interest
Enhancing Audience Understanding
Strengthening Audience Memory
Winning Audience Agreement
Evoking Audience Emotion
Types of Supporting Materials
Examples
Key Term: Example
Definitions
Testimony
Key Term: Testimony  
Video 8.1: “Royzpal, Litter”  
Statistics
Key Term: Statistic
Video 8.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Facts)”  
Narratives
Key Term: Narrative
Analogies
Key Term: Analogy  
Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials
Choose the Most Credible Proof
Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
Appeal to Different Learning Styles
Avoid Long Lists
Consider Your Audience
Video 8.3: “Examples (Humorous)”
Respect the Available Time
Chapter Review
Video 8.4: “Kim, The Nonmonetary Uses of Gold”

ORGANIZING YOUR SPEECH
Selecting Your Main Points
Consider Your Purpose
Take Your Audience into Account
Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
Organizing Your Supporting Materials
Subordination and Coordination
Video 9.1: “Without Liberty and Justice for All”
When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit
Arranging Your Main Points
Spatial Pattern
Key Term: Spatial Pattern
Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
Key Term: Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
Causal Pattern
Key Term: Causal Pattern
Comparison Pattern
Categorical (Topical) Pattern
Key Term: Categorical (Topical) Pattern
Video 9.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown over Time”
Persuasive Speech Patterns
Using Organizing Words, Phrases, and Sentences
Transitions
Key Term: Transition
Video 9.3: “Patterns of Arrangement: Causal”
Signposts
Internal Previews and Internal Summaries
Chapter Review
Video Activity 9.4: “List, Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chat Rooms”

INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Introducing Your Speech
Gain Your Audience’s Attention
Key Term: Attention-Getter
Key Term: Rhetorical Question
Video 10.1: “Anecdote (Personal) in an Informative Introduction”
Signal Your Thesis
Show Your Audience What’s in It for Them
Establish Your Credibility
Preview Your Main Points
Key Term: Preview
Video 10.2: “Attention-Getter, Support, Creative Preview”
Concluding Your Speech
Transition to Your Conclusion
Summarize Your Main Points
Finish with a Memorable Clincher
Key Term: Clincher
Video 10.3: “Clincher: Evokes Response”
Chapter Review
Video Activity 10.4: “Full Introduction: Attention-Getter, Thesis, and Preview” and “Full Conclusion”

OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
Two Stages of Outlining
The Detailed Outline
The Speaking Outline
Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery
Creating Your Detailed Outline
Outlining the Body of Your Speech
Key Term: Transition
Video 11.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
Outlining Your Introduction
Key Term: Introduction
Outlining Your Conclusion
Key Term: Conclusion
Video 11.2: “Without Liberty and Justice for All”
Creating a List of References
Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
A Sample Detailed Outline
Creating Your Speaking Outline
Elements of Your Speaking Outline
Video 11.3: “Rate: Too Fast (Needs Improvement)”
The Medium for Your Speaking Outline
A Sample Speaking Outline
Chapter Review
Video 11.4 “DuBoise, Central Texas Coalition against Human Trafficking”

LANGUAGE AND STYLE
The Importance of Language and Word Choice  
Differences between Oral and Written Language  
Denotative and Connotative Meaning  
Denotative Meaning  
Connotative Meaning  
Presenting Your Message Clearly  
Understandable Language  
Concrete Words  
Proper Use of Words  
Concise Language  
Expressing Your Ideas Effectively  
Repetition  
Hypothetical Examples  
Personal Anecdotes  
Vivid Language  
Video 12.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
Figurative Language  
Key Term: Figurative Language  
Key Term: Antithesis  
Key Term: Simile  
Key Term: Metaphor  
Video 12.2: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms” (simile)  
Video 12.3: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms” (metaphor)
Choosing Respectful and Unbiased Language  
Avoid Stereotypes  
Use Gender-Neutral References  
Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups  
Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality  
A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness  
Chapter Review

DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH
Key Term: Delivery
Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery
Reading from a Manuscript
Memorizing from a Manuscript
Speaking from an Outline
Impromptu Speaking
Key Term: Impromptu Delivery
Using Verbal Delivery Skills
Volume
Key Term: Volume
Tone
Rate of Delivery
Key Term: Rate of Delivery
Video 13.1: “Rate Too Fast (Needs Improvement)”
Projection
Articulation
Pronunciation
Key Term: Pronunciation
Pausing
Key Term: Verbal Filler
Using Nonverbal Delivery Skills
Eye Contact
Key Term: Eye Contact
Gestures
Key Term: Gesture
Video 13.2: “Gestures: Overly Scripted (Needs Improvement)”
Physical Movement
Key Term: Physical Movement
Proxemics
Personal Appearance
Key Term: Personal Appearance
Chapter Review

USING PRESENTATION AIDS
Why Use Presentation Aids?  
Presentation Aids Can Make Your Speech More Interesting  
Presentation Aids Can Simplify a Complex Topic  
Presentation Aids Can Help Your Audience Remember Your Speech  
Types of Presentation Aids  
The Speaker  
Assistants  
Objects  
Visual Images  
Graphs  
Text-Based Visuals  
Audio and Video  
Using Technology Wisely  
Using Presentation Software  
Key Term: Presentation Software  
Using Other Technology  
Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids  
Consider the Forum  
Consider Your Audience  
Make Sure Your Aids Support Your Points  
Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear  
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids  
Video 14.1: “Presentation Software: Checking Beforehand (Needs Improvement)”
Using Presentation Aids during Your Speech
Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids
Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids
Maintain Eye Contact
Video 14.2: “Presentation Software (Needs Improvement)”
Remember the Purpose of Your Aids
Chapter Review

MEDIATED PUBLIC SPEAKING
The Rise of Mediated Communication  
The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking  
Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations  
Advantages of Mediated Presentations  
General Advantages  
Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches  
Advantages of Real-Time Technologies  
Video 15.1: “McAlister, Arsenic in Our Water Supply”  
Challenges of Mediated Presentations  
Loss of Naturalness
Loss of Immediacy
Decreased Nonverbal Communication
Diminished Feedback
Difficulty Managing Distractions
Technological Difficulties
Optimizing Delivery and Messages in Mediated Presentations  
Delivery Considerations  
Message Adaptations  
Practicing Delivery and Recording  
Recording Your Classroom Speech  
Camera  
Setting and Background  
Video 15.2: “Attention-Getter (Needs Improvement)”  
Attire  
Camera Positioning  
Video 15.3: “Fallacy: Red Herring (Needs Improvement)”
Special Considerations for Real-Time Presentations  
Practicing with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works  
Selecting a Robust Internet Connection  
Using Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing  
Creating Opportunities for Audience Interaction  
Soliciting Feedback through an Alternative Medium  
Chapter Review  
Video Activity 15.4: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”

INFORMATIVE SPEAKING
Techniques for Informing  
Definition  
Key Term: Definition  
Explanation  
Key Term: Explanation  
Description  
Key Term: Description  
Demonstration  
Key Term: Demonstration  
Video 16.1: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”  
Narrative  
Key Term: Narrative  
Video 16.2: “Conveying Information: Narrative (Needs Improvement)”  
Types of Informative Speeches  
Objects  
Individuals or Groups  
Events  
Processes  
Video 16.3: “Conveying Information: Description”  
Ideas  
Developing Your Informative Speech  
Analyzing Your Audience  
Key Term: Demographics  
Selecting a Technique  
Focusing on Your Goal to Inform  
Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message  
Sample Informative Speech  
Rachel Parish, Spider Silk: A Miracle Material Derived from . . . Goats?  
Chapter Review

PERSUASIVE SPEAKING
The Nature of a Persuasive Speech  
Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members  
Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims  
Key Term: Fact Claim  
Key Term: Policy Claim  
Video 17.1: “Claims: Policy” and “Claims: Fact”  
The Nature of Persuasion  
Two Paths to Persuasion  
The Importance of Central Route Processing  
Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?  
Tailoring Your Persuasive Message to the Audience  
Adapting to Audience Disposition  
Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs  
Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values  
Accounting for Audience Beliefs  
Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs  
Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits  
Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations  
Ethical Persuasion  
Help Your Audience Make an Informed Decision  
Research Your Facts  
Note Any Biases  
Attribute Your Research Properly  
Organizing Your Persuasive Speech  
Organizing Fact Claims  
Organizing Value Claims  
Organizing Policy Claims  
Key Term: Motivated Sequence  
Video 17.2: “Patterns of Arrangement, Monroe’s Motivated Sequence”  
Key Term: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern  
Chapter Review  
Video Activity 17.3: “Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without”

METHODS OF PERSUASION
Ethos: Your Credibility as a Speaker  
Understanding the Elements of Credibility  
Building Your Credibility  
Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility  
Logos: The Evidence and Reasoning behind Your Message  
Key Term: Logos  
Using Evidence  
Using Reasoning  
Key Term: Inductive Reasoning  
Video 18.1: “Reasoning: Inductive”  
Avoiding Logical Fallacies  
Key Term: Hasty Generalization  
Key Term: Ad Populum (Bandwagon) Fallacy  
Key Term: Ad Hominem (Personal Attack) Fallacy  
Key Term: Slippery Slope Fallacy  
Key Term: False Dilemma Fallacy  
Video 18.2: “Fallacy: Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy vs. WWIII (Needs Improvement)”  
Pathos: Evoking Your Listeners’ Emotions  
Key Term: Pathos  
Using Emotional Appeals  
Video 18.3: “Claims: Fact (Appeals to Emotion and Credibility)”  
Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos  
Sample Persuasive Speech  
Anna Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without  
Chapter Review  
Video 18.4: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All”

SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEAKING
Types of Special-Occasion Speeches  
General Guidelines for Special-Occasion Speeches  
Appealing to Your Audience’s Emotions  
Video 19.1: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”  
Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion  
Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations  
Evoking Shared Values  
Video 19.2: “Language, Delivery, and Special-Occasion Speeches”  
Respecting Time Constraints  
Strategies for Each Type of Special-Occasion Speech  
Strategies for Speeches of Introduction  
Strategies for Speeches of Presentation  
Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance  
Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize  
Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate  
Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches  
Sample Special-Occasion Speech  
Joseph Tuman, Swearing-In Ceremony for New U.S. Citizens  
Chapter Review

GROUP COMMUNICATION
Effective Group Leadership  
Selecting a Leader  
Leading Meetings  
Managing Conflict  
Effective Group Membership  
Three Types of Member Roles  
Tips for Participating in a Small Group  
Group Decision Making and the Reflective-Thinking Process  
Define the Problem  
Analyze the Problem  
Establish Criteria for Solving the Problem  
Generate Possible Solutions  
Select the Best Solution  
Delivering Group Presentations  
Symposium  
Panel Discussion  
Single Group Representative  
Chapter Review

CIVIC ENGAGEMENT  
Civic Engagement and Its Importance to Society
How Civic Engagement Benefits You
Forums and Venues for Civic Engagement
Applying Public Speaking Skills to Civic Engagement
Invention
Audience Analysis
Organization
Language and Style
Chapter Review


APPENDIX A: SPEECH CHOICES OUTLINE AND FULL-LENGTH SPEECH
How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Speech Outline
How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Full-Length Speech
Why Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Speech Outline
Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Full-Length Speech  
 
APPENDIX B: ADDITIONAL SAMPLE SPEECHES  
Sample Special Occasion Speech
John McCain, Liberty Medal Ceremony
Sample Persuasive Speech
David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate
Sample Persuasive Speech
Michelle Bachelet, Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls


Notes
Glossary
Index