Focus Manifestation in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese

Peppina Po-lun Lee is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Translation at City University of Hong Kong. She has published more than 40 research papers in refereed journals and edited books. Her major publications have appeared in Lingua, Linguistics, Journal of Pragmatics, and Language and Linguistics, as well as ZhongguoYuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) and Dangdai Yuyanxue (Contemporary Linguistics). Specializing in theoretical linguistics, her research interests cover semantics, syntax-semantics interface, and Chinese and Cantonese linguistics. She has worked on a variety of research topics, including focus and information structure, negation, eventuality, quantification, and particles.

Table of Contents

List of tables

Acknowledgements

List of abbreviations

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 The Problem

1.2 Scope of the Study and Major Ideas to be Proposed

1.3 Organization

Chapter Two: Theoretical Background

2.1 Information Structure and Focus Particles

2.2 Focus Representation and Interpretation

2.2.1 Association with Focus

2.2.2 Syntax-semantics Mapping of Focus

2.3 What is Special about Cantonese?

2.3.1 Some Basic Facts about Cantonese

2.3.2 Post-verbal Particles in Cantonese

2.4 The Meaning of Focus Particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese: An Overview

2.4.1 Additives and Restrictives in Mandarin

2.4.2 Additives and Restrictives in Cantonese

Chapter Three: Additive Focus Particles

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Additive Focus Adverbs in Mandarin Chinese

3.2.1 Additive Focus Adverbs you ‘again’, ye ‘also’, hai ‘still’ and zai ‘again’

3.2.2 A Comparison of Mandarin Additive Adverbs with their Cantonese Counterparts

3.3 Additive Particles in Cantonese

3.3.1 Additive Cantonese sentence-final Particle tim1 ‘add’

3.3.2 Cantonese Additive Adverb gau3 ‘enough’

3.3.3 Additive Verbal Suffix -maai4 ‘also’

3.4 Summary: What do Cantonese additives and Mandarin additives tell you?

Chapter Four: Restrictive Focus Particles

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Restrictive Focus Adverbs in Mandarin Chinese

4.2.1 Restrictive Focus Adverbs cai ‘only’ and jiu ‘only’

4.2.2 Restrictive Focus Adverbs zhi (-you/-shi) ‘only (-have/-be)’

4.3 Cantonese Restrictive Sentence-final Particles zaa3 ‘only’ and ze1 ‘only’

4.3.1 Previous Analyses of Cantonese Restrictive SFPs zaa3 ‘only’ and ze1 ‘only’

4.3.2 Reanalyzing zaa3 ‘only’ and ze1 ‘only’ under the Relativist Semantic Theory

4.3.3 A Comparison of zaa3 ‘only’ and ze1 ‘only’ with Mandarin cai ‘only’/jiu ‘only’ and Cantonese adverb sin1 ‘then’

4.4 Cantonese Restrictive Verbal Suffix –dak1 ‘only’

4.4.1 Previous Analyses of -dak1 ‘only’

4.4.2 Unresolved Issues of –dak1 ‘only’

4.4.3 A Unified Account to –dak1 ‘only’

4.4.4 Focused Readings of -dak1

4.5 Restrictive Adverbs in Cantonese

4.6 What Restrictive Particles and Additives Particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese Can Tell You?

4.6.1 Restrictive Particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese

4.6.2 Generalizing the Picture of focus particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese

Chapter Five: Distribution of Additives and Restrictives in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Co-occurrence of Additives in Mandarin and Cantonese and the Linearity Principle

5.3 Distribution of Additive Adverbs and Post-verbal Particles in Mandarin and Cantonese

5.4 A Comparison Among gau3 ‘enough’, dou1 ‘also/even’, -maai4 ‘also’ and tim1 ‘add’

5.5 Distribution of Restrictive Adverbs and Post-verbal Particles in Mandarin and Cantonese

5.6 Deriving a General Principle of Focus Marking in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese

5.6.1 Shi…(de) Construction in Mandarin – the Role of Syntax in Focus Marking

5.6.2 Generalizing a General Principle of Focus Marking in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese

Chapter Six: Conclusions: Theoretical Consequences and Implications

6.1 Summary of Major Findings

6.2 Revisiting the General Principle of Focus Marking in Mandarin and Cantonese: What Does it Imply?

6.2.1 A Matter of Interface – Cantonese vs. Mandarin 208

6.2.2 Linearity in Focus Interpretation in Cantonese

6.3 More on the Role of Syntax in Focus Manifestation in Mandarin and Cantonese

6.4 Future Research

References

Index