Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Volume 9

Editor-in-Chief Oliver Scharbrodt is Professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Birmingham. His research interests include modern and contemporary Islam, Shi’ism, Sufism, and Muslims in Europe. He is the author of Islam and the Baha’i Faith: A Comparative Study of Muhammad ‘Abduh and ‘Abdul-Baha ‘Abbas (London: Routledge, 2008) and co-authored Muslims in Ireland: Past and Present (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015). Editors Samim Akgönül is Professor at Strasbourg University and researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). He also teaches Political Science at Syracuse University, USA, and International Relations at several Turkish universities. Among his recent publications are The Minority Concept in the Turkish Context: Practices and Perceptions in Turkey, Greece and France (Leiden: Brill, 2013), Göçebe Yazilar (Istanbul: BGST, 2015), and La Turquie “nouvelle”: du rêve d’Europe au cauchemar du Proche Orient (Paris: Lignes de Repères, 2017). Ahmet Alibašić is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Islamic Studies, University of Sarajevo, and Director of the Centre for Advanced Studies in Sarajevo. He writes on Islam in Southeast Europe, contemporary Islamic political thought, and interreligious relations. Jørgen S. Nielsen is Professor of Contemporary European Islam, University of Birmingham, UK, and Hon. Professor of Islamic Studies at the Faculties of Theology and Humanities, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Since 1978 he has been researching and writing about Islam in Europe. He is the author of Muslims in Western Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 4th edition, with Jonas Otterbeck, 2015), editor of Islam in Denmark: The Challenge of Diversity (Lanham: Lexington, 2012), and editor of Muslim Political Participation in Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013). Egdūnas Račius is Professor of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at the Department of Area Studies, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania. His field of interest is European Muslim communities in Eastern Europe, particularly European converts to Islam. His most recent publication is Muslims in Eastern Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018).

Contents
Preface
The Editors
List of Technical Terms

Islamophobia, Muslimophobia: From Words to Acts
 Samim Akgönül

Country Surveys

Albania
 Olsi Jazexhi

Armenia
 Sevak Karamyan and Gevorg Avetikyan

Austria
 Kerem Öktem and Güler Alkan

Azerbaijan
 Altay Goyushov

Belarus
 Daša Słabčanka

Belgium
 Jean-François Husson

Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Muhamed Jusić

Bulgaria
 Aziz Nazmi Shakir

Croatia
 Dino Mujadžević

Cyprus
 Ali Dayıoğlu and Mete Hatay

Czech Republic
 Štěpán Macháček

Denmark
 Brian Arly Jacobsen

Estonia
 Ringo Ringvee

Finland
 Teemu Pauha

France
 Anne-Laure Zwilling

Georgia
 Thomas Liles and Bayram Balci

Germany
 Mathias Rohe

Greece
 Konstantinos Tsitselikis and Alexandros Sakellariou

Hungary
 Esztella Csiszar

Ireland
 James Carr

Italy
 Maria Bombardieri

Kosovo
 Jeton Mehmeti

Latvia
 Simona Gurbo

Lithuania
 Egdūnas Račius

Luxembourg
 Elsa Pirenne

Macedonia
 Muhamed Ali

Moldova
 Aurelia Felea

Montenegro
 Sabina Pačariz

The Netherlands
 Martijn de Koning

Norway
 Sindre Bangstad and Olav Elgvin

Poland
 Agata S. Nalborczyk

Portugal
 José Mapril, Pedro Soares and Laura Almodovar

Romania
 Irina Vainovski-Mihai

Russia
 Elmira Akhmetova

Serbia
 Ivan Ejub Kostić

Slovakia
 Michal Cenker

Slovenia
 Christian Moe

Spain
 Jordi Moreras

Sweden
 Göran Larsson and Simon Sorgenfrei

Switzerland
 Mallory Schneuwly Purdie and Andreas Tunger-Zanetti

Turkey
 Ahmet Erdi Öztürk

Ukraine
 Mykhaylo Yakubovych

United Kingdom
 Alison Scott-Baumann