Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Course Booklet

Cisco Networking Academy teaches hundreds of thousands of students annually the skills needed to build, design, and maintain networks, improving their career prospects while filling the global demand for networking professionals. With 10,000 academies in 165 countries, it helps individuals prepare for industry-recognized certifications and entry-level information and communication technology careers in virtually every industry—developing foundational technical skills while acquiring vital 21st-century career skills in problem solving, collaboration, and critical thinking. Cisco Networking Academy uses a public-private partnership model to create the "world's largest classroom."

Chapter 0 Course Introduction 1

0.0 Welcome to Routing and Switching Essentials 1

0.0.1 Message to the Student 1

0.0.1.1 Welcome 1

0.0.1.2 A Global Community 1

0.0.1.3 More Than Just Information 1

0.0.1.4 How We Teach 2

0.0.1.5 Practice Leads to Mastery 2

0.0.1.6 Mind Wide Open 2

0.0.1.7 Engineering Journals 2

0.0.1.8 Explore the World of Networking 2

0.0.1.9 Create Your Own Worlds 2

0.0.1.10 How Packet Tracer Helps Master Concepts 3

0.0.1.11 Course Overview 3

Chapter 1 Routing Concepts 5

1.0 Introduction 5

1.0.1.1 Routing Concepts 5

1.0.1.2 Activity — Do We Really Need a Map? 5

1.1 Router Initial Configuration 6

1.1.1 Router Functions 6

1.1.1.1 Characteristics of a Network 6

1.1.1.2 Why Routing? 7

1.1.1.3 Routers Are Computers 7

1.1.1.4 Routers Interconnect Networks 8

1.1.1.5 Routers Choose Best Paths 8

1.1.1.6 Packet Forwarding Mechanisms 9

1.1.1.7 Activity — Identify Router Components 10

1.1.1.8 Packet Tracer — Using Traceroute to Discover the Network 10

1.1.1.9 Lab — Mapping the Internet 10

1.1.2 Connect Devices 10

1.1.2.1 Connect to a Network 10

1.1.2.2 Default Gateways 11

1.1.2.3 Document Network Addressing 12

1.1.2.4 Enable IP on a Host 12

1.1.2.5 Device LEDs 13

1.1.2.6 Console Access 13

1.1.2.7 Enable IP on a Switch 14

1.1.2.8 Activity — Document an Addressing Scheme 14

1.1.2.9 Packet Tracer — Documenting the Network 14

1.1.3 Router Basic Settings 14

1.1.3.1 Configure Basic Router Settings 14

1.1.3.2 Configure an IPv4 Router Interface 15

1.1.3.3 Configure an IPv6 Router Interface 15

1.1.3.4 Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface 16

1.1.3.5 Packet Tracer — Configuring IPv4 and IPv6 Interfaces 17

1.1.4 Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks 17

1.1.4.1 Verify Interface Settings 17

1.1.4.2 Verify IPv6 Interface Settings 18

1.1.4.3 Filter Show Command Output 19

1.1.4.4 Command History Feature 19

1.1.4.5 Packet Tracer — Configuring and Verifying a Small Network 20

1.1.4.6 Lab — Configuring Basic Router Settings with IOS CLI 20

1.2 Routing Decisions 20

1.2.1 Switching Packets Between Networks 20

1.2.1.1 Router Switching Function 20

1.2.1.2 Send a Packet 21

1.2.1.3 Forward to the Next Hop 21

1.2.1.4 Packet Routing 22

1.2.1.5 Reach the Destination 23

1.2.1.6 Activity — Match Layer 2 and Layer 3 Addressing 23

1.2.2 Path Determination 23

1.2.2.1 Routing Decisions 23

1.2.2.2 Best Path 24

1.2.2.3 Load Balancing 24

1.2.2.4 Administrative Distance 25

1.2.2.5 Activity — Order the Steps in the Packet Forwarding Process 25

1.2.2.6 Activity — Match the Administrative Distance to the Route Source 25

1.3 Router Operation 25

1.3.1 Analyze the Routing Table 25

1.3.1.1 The Routing Table 25

1.3.1.2 Routing Table Sources 26

1.3.1.3 Remote Network Routing Entries 27

1.3.1.4 Activity — Interpret the Content of a Routing Table Entry 27

1.3.2 Directly Connected Routes 27

1.3.2.1 Directly Connected Interfaces 27

1.3.2.2 Directly Connected Routing Table Entries 27

1.3.2.3 Directly Connected Examples 28

1.3.2.4 Directly Connected IPv6 Example 28

1.3.2.5 Packet Tracer — Investigating Directly Connected Routes 29

1.3.3 Statically Learned Routes 29

1.3.3.1 Static Routes 29

1.3.3.2 Static Route Examples 29

1.3.3.3 Static IPv6 Route Examples 30

1.3.4 Dynamic Routing Protocols 31

1.3.4.1 Dynamic Routing 31

1.3.4.2 IPv4 Routing Protocols 31

1.3.4.3 IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples 31

1.3.4.4 IPv6 Routing Protocols 32

1.3.4.5 IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples 32

1.4 Summary 32

1.4.1.1 Activity — We Really Could Use a Map! 32

1.4.1.2 Routing Concepts 33

Chapter 2 Static Routing 35

2.0 Introduction 35

2.0.1.1 Static Routing 35

2.0.1.2 Activity — Which Way Should We Go 35

2.1 Implement Static Routes 36

2.1.1 Static Routing 36

2.1.1.1 Reach Remote Networks 36

2.1.1.2 Why Use Static Routing? 36

2.1.1.3 When to Use Static Routes 37

2.1.1.4 Activity — Identify the Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing 37

2.1.2 Types of Static Routes 37

2.1.2.1 Static Route Applications 37

2.1.2.2 Standard Static Route 38

2.1.2.3 Default Static Route 38

2.1.2.4 Summary Static Route 38

2.1.2.5 Floating Static Route 38

2.1.2.6 Activity — Identify the Type of Static Route 39

2.2 Configure Static and Default Routes 39

2.2.1 Configure IPv4 Static Routes 39

2.2.1.1 ip route Command 39

2.2.1.2 Next-Hop Options 40

2.2.1.3 Configure a Next-Hop Static Route 40

2.2.1.4 Configure a Directly Connected Static Route 41

2.2.1.5 Configure a Fully Specified Static Route 41

2.2.1.6 Verify a Static Route 42

2.2.2 Configure IPv4 Default Routes 43

2.2.2.1 Default Static Route 43

2.2.2.2 Configure a Default Static Route 43

2.2.2.3 Verify a Default Static Route 43

2.2.2.4 Packet Tracer — Configuring IPv4 Static and Default Routes 44

2.2.2.5 Lab — Configuring IPv4 Static and Default Routes 44

2.2.3 Configure IPv6 Static Routes 44

2.2.3.1 The ipv6 route Command 44

2.2.3.2 Next-Hop Options 44

2.2.3.3 Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route 45

2.2.3.4 Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route 46

2.2.3.5 Configure a Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route 46

2.2.3.6 Verify IPv6 Static Routes 47

2.2.4 Configure IPv6 Default Routes 47

2.2.4.1 Default Static IPv6 Route 47

2.2.4.2 Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route 47

2.2.4.3 Verify a Default Static Route 48

2.2.4.4 Packet Tracer — Configuring IPv6 Static and Default Routes 48

2.2.4.5 Lab — Configuring IPv6 Static and Default Routes 48

2.2.5 Configure Floating Static Routes 48

2.2.5.1 Floating Static Routes 48

2.2.5.2 Configure an IPv4 Floating Static Route 49

2.2.5.3 Test the IPv4 Floating Static Route 49

2.2.5.4 Configure an IPv6 Floating Static Route 49

2.2.5.5 Packet Tracer — Configuring Floating Static Routes 50

2.2.6 Configure Static Host Routes 50

2.2.6.1 Automatically Installed Host Routes 50

2.2.6.2 Configure IPv4 and IPv6 Static Host Routes 50

2.3 Troubleshoot Static and Default Route 51

2.3.1 Packet Processing with Static Routes 51

2.3.1.1 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding 51

2.3.2 Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration 51

2.3.2.1 Troubleshoot a Missing Route 51

2.3.2.2 Solve a Connectivity Problem 52

2.3.2.3 Packet Tracer — Troubleshooting Static Routes 53

2.3.2.4 Lab — Troubleshooting Static Routes 53

2.4 Summary 53

2.4.1.1 Activity — Make It Static 53

2.4.1.2 Static Routing 54

Chapter 3 Dynamic Routing 57

3.0 Introduction 57

3.0.1.1 Dynamic Routing 57

3.0.1.2 How Much Does This Cost 57

3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols 58

3.1.1 Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview 58

3.1.1.1 Dynamic Routing Protocol Evolution 58

3.1.1.2 Dynamic Routing Protocol Components 59

3.1.2 Dynamic versus Static Routing 59

3.1.2.1 Static Routing Uses 59

3.1.2.2 Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages 60

3.1.2.3 Dynamic Routing Protocols Uses 60

3.1.2.4 Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages 60

3.1.2.5 Activity — Compare Static and Dynamic Routing 60

3.2 RIPv2 61

3.2.1 Configuring the RIP Protocol 61

3.2.1.1 Router RIP Configuration Mode 61

3.2.1.2 Advertise Networks 61

3.2.1.3 Verify RIP Routing 62

3.2.1.4 Enable and Verify RIPv2 62

3.2.1.5 Disable Auto Summarization 63

3.2.1.6 Configure Passive Interfaces 63

3.2.1.7 Propagate a Default Route 64

3.2.1.8 Packet Tracer — Configuring RIPv2 64

3.2.1.9 Lab — Configuring Basic RIPv2 64

3.3 The Routing Table 64

3.3.1 Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry 64

3.3.1.1 Routing Table Entries 64

3.3.1.2 Directly Connected Entries 65

3.3.1.3 Remote Network Entries 66

3.3.1.4 Activity — Identify Parts of an IPv4 Routing Table Entry 66

3.3.2 Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes 66

3.3.2.1 Routing Table Terms 66

3.3.2.2 Ultimate Route 66

3.3.2.3 Level 1 Route 67

3.3.2.4 Level 1 Parent Route 67

3.3.2.5 Level 2 Child Route 67

3.3.2.6 Activity — Identify Parent and Child IPv4 Routes 67

3.3.3 The IPv4 Route Lookup Process 67

3.3.3.1 Route Lookup Process 67

3.3.3.2 Best Route = Longest Match 68

3.3.3.3 Activity — Determine the Longest Match Route 69

3.3.4 Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table 69

3.3.4.1 IPv6 Routing Table Entries 69

3.3.4.2 Directly Connected Entries 69

3.3.4.3 Remote IPv6 Network Entries 70

3.3.4.4 Activity — Identify Parts of an IPv6 Routing Table Entry 70

3.4 Summary 70

3.4.1.1 IPv6 — Details, Details... 70

3.4.1.2 Dynamic Routing 71

Chapter 4 Switched Networks 73

4.0 Introduction 73

4.0.1.1 Switched Networks 73

4.0.1.2 Sent or Received Instructions 73

4.1 LAN Design 74

4.1.1 Converged Networks 74

4.1.1.1 Growing Complexity of Networks 74

4.1.1.2 Elements of a Converged Network 74

4.1.1.3 Cisco Borderless Networks 75

4.1.1.4 Hierarchy in the Borderless Switched Network 75

4.1.1.5 Access, Distribution, and Core Layers 76

4.1.1.6 Activity - Identify Switched Network Terminology 77

4.1.2 Switched Networks 77

4.1.2.1 Role of Switched Networks 77

4.1.2.2 Form Factors 77

4.1.2.3 Activity - Identify Switch Hardware 78

4.2 The Switched Environment 78

4.2.1 Frame Forwarding 78

4.2.1.1 Switching as a General Concept in Networking and Telecommunications 78

4.2.1.2 Dynamically Populating a Switch MAC Address Table 79

4.2.1.3 Switch Forwarding Methods 80

4.2.1.4 Store-and-Forward Switching 80

4.2.1.5 Cut-Through Switching 81

4.2.1.6 Activity — Frame Forwarding Methods 81

4.2.1.7 Activity — Switch It! 81

4.2.2 Switching Domains 81

4.2.2.1 Collision Domains 81

4.2.2.2 Broadcast Domains 82

4.2.2.3 Alleviating Network Congestion 82

4.2.2.4 Activity — Circle the Domain 83

4.3 Summary 83

4.3.1.1 It's Network Access Time 83

4.3.1.2 Basic Switch Configurations 83

4.3.1.3 Switched Networks 83

Chapter 5 Switch Configuration 87

5.0 Introduction 87

5.0.1.1 Switch Configuration 87

5.0.1.2 Activity — Stand By Me 87

5.1 Basic Switch Configuration 88

5.1.1 Configure a Switch with Initial Settings 88

5.1.1.1 Switch Boot Sequence 88

5.1.1.2 Recovering From a System Crash 89

5.1.1.3 Switch LED Indicators 89

5.1.1.4 Preparing for Basic Switch Management 90

5.1.1.5 Configuring Basic Switch Management Access with IPv4 91

5.1.1.6 Lab - Basic Switch Configuration 91

5.1.2 Configure Switch Ports 92

5.1.2.1 Duplex Communication 92

5.1.2.2 Configure Switch Ports at the Physical Layer 92

5.1.2.3 Auto-MDIX 93

5.1.2.4 Verifying Switch Port Configuration 93

5.1.2.5 Network Access Layer Issues 94

5.1.2.6 Troubleshooting Network Access Layer Issues 95

5.2 Switch Security 96

5.2.1 Secure Remote Access 96

5.2.1.1 SSH Operation 96

5.2.1.2 Configuring SSH 96

5.2.1.3 Verifying SSH 97

5.2.1.4 Packet Tracer - Configuring SSH 98

5.2.2 Switch Port Security 98

5.2.2.1 Secure Unused Ports 98

5.2.2.2 Port Security: Operation 98

5.2.2.3 Port Security: Violation Modes 100

5.2.2.4 Port Security: Configuring 100

5.2.2.5 Port Security: Verifying 100

5.2.2.6 Ports in Error Disabled State 101

5.2.2.7 Packet Tracer - Configuring Switch Port Security 101

5.2.2.8 Packet Tracer - Troubleshooting Switch Port Security 101

5.2.2.9 Lab - Configuring Switch Security Features 102

5.3 Summary 102

5.3.1.1 Activity — Switch Trio 102

5.3.1.2 Packet Tracer - Skills Integration Challenge 102

5.3.1.3 Switch Configuration 102

Chapter 6 VLANs 107

6.0 Introduction 107

6.0.1.1 VLANs 107

6.0.1.2 Class Activity — Vacation Station 107

6.1 VLAN Segmentation 108

6.1.1 Overview of VLANs 108

6.1.1.1 VLAN Definitions 108

6.1.1.2 Benefits of VLANs 108

6.1.1.3 Types of VLANs 109

6.1.1.4 Voice VLANs 110

6.1.1.5 Packet Tracer — Who Hears the Broadcast? 111

6.1.2 VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment 111

6.1.2.1 VLAN Trunks 111

6.1.2.2 Controlling Broadcast Domains with VLANs 111

6.1.2.3 Tagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification 112

6.1.2.4 Native VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging 113

6.1.2.5 Voice VLAN Tagging 113

6.1.2.6 Activity — Predict Switch Behavior 114

6.1.2.7 Packet Tracer — Investigating a VLAN Implementation 114

6.2 VLAN Implementations 114

6.2.1 VLAN Assignment 114

6.2.1.1 VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches 114

6.2.1.2 Creating a VLAN 115

6.2.1.3 Assigning Ports to VLANs 116

6.2.1.4 Changing VLAN Port Membership 116

6.2.1.5 Deleting VLANs 117

6.2.1.6 Verifying VLAN Information 117

6.2.1.7 Packet Tracer — Configuring VLANs 117

6.2.2 VLAN Trunks 118

6.2.2.1 Configuring IEEE 802.1Q Trunk Links 118

6.2.2.2 Resetting the Trunk to Default State 118

6.2.2.3 Verifying Trunk Configuration 119

6.2.2.4 Packet Tracer — Configuring Trunks 119

6.2.2.5 Lab — Configuring VLANs and Trunking 119

6.2.3 Troubleshoot VLANs and Trunks 119

6.2.3.1 IP Addressing Issues with VLAN 119

6.2.3.2 Missing VLANs 120

6.2.3.3 Introduction to Troubleshooting Trunks 120

6.2.3.4 Common Problems with Trunks 121

6.2.3.5 Incorrect Port Mode 121

6.2.3.6 Incorrect VLAN List 122

6.2.3.7 Packet Tracer — Troubleshooting a VLAN Implementation — Scenario 1 122

6.2.3.8 Packet Tracer — Troubleshooting a VLAN