Surgical Scene Generation for Virtual Reality-Based Training in Medicine (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 9
List of Figures 13
List of Tables 17
List of Acronyms 19
1 Introduction 21
1.1 Motivation 21
1.2 Surgical Education 23
1.2.1 Overview 23
1.2.2 VR-Based Training 24
1.2.3 Surgical Simulation 25
1.3 Training Scene Generation 28
1.4 Outline 30
2 Geometry 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.1.1 De.nitions 33
2.1.2 Relevance to Surgical Education 38
2.1.3 Process Elements 39
2.2 Previous Work Related to Surgical Simulation 40
2.3 Data Acquisition 46
2.3.1 Overview 46
2.3.2 Uterine Image Acquisition 49
2.4 Healthy Anatomy Generation 50
2.4.1 Outline 50
2.4.2 Segmentation 51
2.4.3 Statistical Model 53
2.4.4 Shape Prediction 57
2.5 Pathology Integration 59
2.5.1 Outline 59
2.5.2 Skeleton-Based Design 60
2.5.3 Cellular Automata Growth Model 62
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2.5.4 Particle System Growth Model 65
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2.6 Volumetric Representation 70
2.7 Modeling Examples 73
3 Appearance 75
3.1 Introduction 75
3.1.1 De.nitions 75
3.1.2 Texturing in Computer Graphics 77
3.1.3 Relevance to Surgical Education 78
3.1.4 Process Elements 80
3.2 Previous Approaches in Surgery Simulation 81
3.3 Data Acquisition and Enhancement 84
3.3.1 In Vivo Image Acquisition 84
3.3.2 Image Enhancement 86
3.4 Base Texture Generation 89
3.5 Procedural Textures 90
3.5.1 Review 90
3.5.2 Generation of Simple Textures 92
3.6 Texture Synthesis 93
3.6.1 Human Texture Perception 94
3.6.2 Review 94
3.6.3 Texture Generation for Laparoscopic Simulation 100
3.6.4 Texture Generation for Hysteroscopic Simulation 112
3.7 Additional Texture Detail 117
3.7.1 Embedding of Specks into Liver Textures 118
3.7.2 Overlay of Real Follicle Textures 119
3.8 Texture Mapping 119
3.8.1 Mesh Cutting 121
3.8.2 Mesh Parameterization 125
3.9 Modelling Examples 129
4 Biomechanics 133
4.1 Introduction 133
4.1.1 Deformation Models 133
4.1.2 Tissue Parameter Acquisition 138
4.1.3 Relevance to Surgical Education 140
4.2 Previous Work 141
4.3 Genetic Optimization Approach 142
4.3.1 Outline 142
4.3.2 2D Topology Optimization 143
4.3.3 Extension to 3D Topology Identi..cation 146
4.3.4 Simultaneous Topology and Spring Constant Identification 148
4.4 Analytical Derivation 150
4.4.1 Overview 150
4.4.2 Derivation for Constant Strain Triangle 151
4.4.3 Derivation for Tetrahedral Element 154
4.5 Discussion 157
5 Conclusion 159
5.1 Summary 159
5.2 Hysteroscopy Simulation 161
5.3 Extension: Vessel Generation 162
5.4 Outlook 164
References 167
Index 185