Surgical Thoracoscopy

References.- Instrumentation for thoracoscopic surgery.- 1. Optical system.- 1.1 Endoscopes.- 1.2 Light source.- 1.3 Camera.- 2. Irrigation-suction system.- 3. Electrocautery.- 4. Lasers.- 5. Instrumentation.- 5.1 Trocars.- 5.2 Dissecting instruments.- 5.3 Other instruments.- 5.4 Suturing instrumentation.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- Basic techniques in thoracoscopic surgery.- 1. General considerations.- 2. Preparation.- 3. Trocar insertion.- 4. Endoscope.- 5. Instruments.- 6. Suturing techniques.- 6.1 Continuous suture.- 6.2 Interrupted suture.- 7. Stapling techniques.- 8. Chest drainage.- References.- Anesthesia for thoracoscopy.- 1. Pre-operative evaluation.- 2. Intra-operative monitoring.- 3. Anesthetic management.- 3.1 One lung ventilation.- 3.1.1 Management of hypoxemia.- 3.1.2 Management of large air-leak.- 4. Post-operative course.- References.- The role of thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural pathology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pleural pathology without pleurisy.- 3. Pleural pathology with pleurisy.- 3.1 Orientations according to clinical aspects.- 3.2 Orientations according to the appearance of the pleural fluid.- 3.3 Orientations according to bacteriology.- 3.4 Orientations according to the biochemistry.- 3.5 Orientations according to cytology.- 4. The role of pleural needle-biopsy.- 5. The role of thoracoscopy.- 6. The role of thoracotomy.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- The role of thoracoscopy in the treatment of chronic pleural effusion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Etiology.- 3. Methods of treatment.- 3.1 Thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis.- 3.2 Intrapleural injections.- 3.3 Other techniques.- 4. Indications.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- Thoracoscopic treatment of pneumothorax (A-D) A) Principles of the thoracoscopic approach.- 1. General considerations.- 2. Classification of pseudopneumocysts of the lungs.- 3. Treatment planning for PPC of the lungs.- 3.1 Spontaneous pneumothorax.- 3.2 Diffuse bullous emphysema.- 4. Equipment.- 4.1 Optic/video systems and instruments.- 4.2 Lasers.- 4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Laser.- 4.2.2 Contact Sapphire Tip Nd: YAG Laser.- 5. Anesthesia.- 6. Techniques.- 6.1 Positioning and preparation.- 6.2 Chest entry.- 6.3 Lysis of adhesions.- 6.4 Techniques of ablating blebs or emphysematous bullae.- 6.4.1 Electrocautery.- 6.4.2 CO2 Laser.- 6.4.3 Sapphire Contact Tip Nd: YAG Laser.- 6.4.4 Endoloop ligation.- 6.4.5 Stapling.- 6.4.6 Suture ligation.- References.- B) Laser treatment of pseudopneumocysts of the lung.- 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax.- 1.1 Traditional treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.- 1.1.1 Conservative treatment.- 1.1.2 Tube thoracostomy.- 1.1.3 Chemical pleurodesis.- 1.1.4 Pleurectomy and pleural abrasion.- 1.1.5 Thoracotomy and lung resection.- 1.2 Thoracoscopic treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.- 1.2.1 Background.- 1.2.2 Techniques.- 1.2.3 Results.- 1.3 Treatment of ruptured diffuse bullous emphysema.- 2. Diffuse bullous emphysema.- 2.1 Traditional treatment of diffuse bullous emphysema.- 2.2 Laser thoracoscopic treatment of diffuse bullous emphysema.- 2.2.1 Background.- 2.2.2 Patient selection.- 2.2.3 Techniques.- 2.2.4 Post-operative care.- 2.2.5 Results.- References.- C) Laser pleurodesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- D) Pleural abrasion and pleurectomy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Operative technique.- 2.1 Pleural abrasion under thoracic video-surgery.- 2.2 Percutaneous parietal pleurectomy.- 2.3 Intrapleural pleurectomy.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- References.- Endoscopic procedures in lung and mediastinal surgery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Common techniques and equipment used in endoscopic thoracic surgery.- 2.1 Equipment.- 2.2 Technique.- 2.3 Surgical approaches.- 2.4 Beginning the operation.- 2.5 Drainage.- 3. Resection of lung parenchyma.- 3.1 Pulmonary resection and pneumothorax.- 3.2 Pulmonary resection and interstitial pathology.- 3.2.1 Preliminary aspects.- 3.2.2 Technical consequences.- 3.3 Pulmonary resection and tumors.- 3.3.1 Preliminary aspects.- 3.3.2 Technical factors.- 4. Thoracoscopic surgery of the mediastinum.- 4.1 Preliminary aspects.- 4.2 Technical factors.- 5. Thoracoscopic surgery of the pericardium.- 6. Chest wall and miscellaneous aspects.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- Thoracoscopic treatment of empyema thoracis.- 1. General considerations.- 2. Assessment of lung expansibility.- 3. Debridement.- 4. Drain placement and post-operative irrigation.- 5. Biopsy.- 6. Foreign bodies.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- Thoracoscopic sympathectomy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical perspective.- 3. Indications and patient selection.- 4. Technique.- 4.1 Preoperative investigations.- 4.2 Surgical technique.- 5. Results.- 6. Why thoracoscopic sympathectomy?.- References.- Thoracoscopic surgery of the esophagus.- 1. Esophagectomy.- 1.1 Technique.- 1.2 Discussion.- 2. Truncal vagotomy.- 2.1 Technique.- 2.2 Discussion.- 3. Other procedures.- 3.1 Benign tumors of the esophagus.- 3.1.1 Technique.- 3.1.2 Discussion.- 3.2 Miscellaneous.- 3.2.1 Treatment of esophageal perforation.- 3.2.2 Treatment of esophageal motor disorders.- 3.3.3 Other indications.- 4. Prospects in endoscopic esophageal surgery.- References.