Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Microbiology

1 Collection and Handling of Specimens.- I. General Considerations.- II. General Instructions for Specimen Collecting.- III. Specific Guidelines for Specimen Collection.- References.- 2 Direct Microscopic Examination of Specimens.- I. General Considerations.- II. Specific Indications.- III. Stains and Wet Mount Preparations.- References.- 3 Initial Processing for Cultures of Specimens.- I. Blood Cultures.- II. Cultures of Normally Sterile Body Fluids, Tissue, Wounds, and Abscesses.- III. Cultures of Specimens from the Upper Respiratory Tract.- IV. Cultures of Specimens from the Lower Respiratory Tract.- V. Cultures of Urine.- VI. Cultures of Feces.- VII. Cultures of Genital Tract Infections.- VIII. Cultures of Integumentary Infections.- IX. Cultures of Material for Epidemiological Purposes.- References.- 4 Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Bacteria.- Section 4.1 General Classification of Bacteria.- Section 4.2 Identification of Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Bacteria.- I. Gram-Positive Cocci.- II. Gram-Negative Cocci.- III. Gram-Positive Bacilli.- IV. Gram-Negative Bacilli.- References.- Section 4.3 Fluorescent Antibody Procedures and Counterimmunoelectrophoresis.- I. Overview.- II. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques.- III. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis.- References.- Section 4.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests of Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Bacteria.- I. Overview.- II. Preparation of Antimicrobial Solutions.- III. Testing Procedures.- References.- 5 Anaerobic Bacteria.- I. General Considerations.- II. Isolation of Anaerobic Bacteria.- III. Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria.- IV. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria.- References.- 6 Mycobacteria and Nocardia.- I. General Considerations.- II. Identification.- III. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.- IV. Common Aerobic Actinomycetes.- V. Identification.- References.- 7 Fungi.- I. General Considerations.- II. Identification of Yeasts.- III. Preliminary Tests.- IV. Definitive Tests.- V. Identification of Filamentous Fungi.- VI. Serodiagnosis of Fungal Infections.- VII. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests of Fungi.- References.- 8 Chlamydiae.- I. General Considerations.- II. Cultures for Chlamydia.- References.- 9 Mycoplasmas.- I. General Considerations.- II. Identification.- References.- 10 Viruses.- I. General Considerations.- II. Processing of Specimens and Cultures.- III. Cell Cultures.- IV. Identification of RNA-Containing Viruses.- V. Identification of DNA-Containing Viruses.- VI. Reporting of Viral Isolates.- References.- 11 Parasites.- I. General Considerations.- II. Procedures Suggested for Use in Examination of Clinical Specimens for Parasitic Infection.- III. Processing of Stool Specimens.- IV. Examination for Blood and Tissue Parasites.- V. Examination of Specimens Other Than Feces and Blood (Table 11–11).- VI. Serology for Parasitic Diseases.- VII. Miscellaneous Procedures.- References.- 12 Special Tests of Antimicrobial Activity.- Section 12.1 Antimicrobial Assays.- I. Overview.- II. Bioassays.- III. Liquid Chromatographic Assays.- References.- Section 12.2 Bactericidal Tests.- I. Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC).- II. Serum Antibacterial Titer.- III. Combination Studies.- References.- 13 Laboratory Safety.- I. Introduction.- II. Routes of Laboratory-Acquired Infections.- III. Dangerous Chemicals.- IV. Procedures following Exposure or Accident.- V. Guidelines for Prevention or Containment of Contamination, Biohazards, and Infectious Agents.- VI. Environmental Control.- VII. Occupational Health.- References.- Appendix A Media and Reagents.- I. Media for Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Bacteria.- II. Media and Reagents for Anaerobic Bacteria.- III. Media and Reagents for Mycobacteria and Nocardia.- IV. Media for Fungi.- V. Media, Reagents, and Buffers for Chlamydiae, Mycoplasmas, and Viruses.- References.- Appendix B Quality Control.- I. Overview.- II. Media and Reagents.- III. Equipment.- References.