Émile Durkheim

Marcel Fournier is Professor of Sociology at the University of Montreal. His biography of Marcel Mauss is generally regarded as the definitive account of one of the key pioneers of sociology and anthropology.

INTRODUCTION

Myths and Received Ideas

Some Enigmas: New Documents

The Life and Work of Durkheim

Durkheim, Mauss & Co

The Specific Intellectual

Fin de siècle Melancholy: A World Changes

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PART ONE: THE YOUNG DURKHEIM

1. A Jewish Education

Respect for the Law and Devotion to the Book

Embroidery: Extra Income

A Humiliating Defeat

Education: A Weapon

2. Ecole Normale Supérieure

The Metaphysician: A Formidable Dialectician

With the Republicans

Against Dilettantism

Towards Rationalism

The Agrégation: A Very Difficult Ordeal

3. 'Schopen' at the Lycée

Professeur de lycée

The Passion for Knowledge

The Fashion for Pessimism

The Faculties of the Soul. Conscious/Unconscious

On Methodology

Egoism/Altruism: Society

Man is a Sociable Animal

And God É

The Noble Sadness of Research

The Revue philosophique: Towards Sociology

'Something is not Right'

A Research Programme

4. Travels in Germany

Anthropology and the 'New Psychology'

'We Have A Lot to Learn from Germany'

Towards a Positive Science of Ethics

Individual or State?

Back to the Lycée

PART TWO: THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIOLOGY

5. The Bordeaux Years: Pedagogy and the Social Sciences

'A Large and Happy City'

Pedagogy and the Social Sciences

A Good Marriage

'What Has to be Done Has to be Done'

New Colleagues

Alfred Espinas: 'The First to be Drawn to Sociology'

The Bordeaux School

Classes and Lectures

First Course on the Social Sciences

Pedagogy: A Practical Theory

Religion: A Sociological Phenomenon

Forms of Sociability: The Family

Marriage and Inheritance

'Happiness is Such a Relative Thing'

The Critique of Economics

Long Live The (French) Revolution

A Young German Author: Ferdinand Tönnies

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Sociologist

A Nephew's Education

6. Individual and Society: The Social Bond. The Doctoral Thesis

Montesquieu and Political Science

The Division of Labour?

Crime and Punishment. Types of Solidarity

'Long Live Cooperation, Make Room for Individual Disagreements!'

The Struggle for Survival

Anomie

A Celebration of Work

The Utopia of a World Society

The Soutenance

A Few Misunderstandings

A Message to Socialists 'Be Clear and United'

Controversy

7. An Object, A Method and Some Rules

A Position in Paris? The 'Espinas Affair'

Sociology and Psychology

An Observer in Paris

René Worms: A Tireless Organizer

Allies Amongst The Philosophers?

Célestin Bouglé and the Younger Generation

Some Good Reasons for Writing 'The Method'

The Normal and the Pathological

The Explanation for the Social Lies in Society

For or Against?

8 1895: The Revelation

'The Year of Ethics'

New Courses

Reforming the Teaching of Philosophy

A Discovery: The Vital Role of Religion

The 'Religious Sciences' Section: Sylvain Lévy

Marriage or Cohabitation?

Crime and Mental Health

The International Exhibition of 1895: Popularizing Sociology

A History of Socialism

Sociology and Democracy: Andler Versus Durkheim

A Moral Crisis?

PART THREE: A JOURNAL AND A TEAM

9 Converts: From Suicide to L'Année sociologique

The Nephew's 'Personal Work'

In Praise of Taine

Suicide, or 'Rationalist Empiricism'

Alcoholism and Heredity. The Critique of Racism

Imitation

The Taste for Free Enquiry and The Taste for Learning

In Praise of Marriage and Large Families

The Beneficial Effects of Revolutions and Wars

The Altruism of Lower Societies

The Dangers of Divorce

A World of Emotions

The Case for Decentralization

'Slashing at Water'

10 L'Année sociologique: Birth of a Team

A Crop of Journals

Plans for a Journal: Negotiations

Making Converts

'Let Us Set to Work with a Good Heart'

A Moment of Discouragement

'We Will Do Better Another Time'

Publication

Methodical Work

A New Research Programme

Differences of Opinion

Why Simmel?

Incest and the Separation of the Sexes

'A Good Piece of Work Botched'

11 The Dreyfus Affair and the Defence of Human Rights

'A Terrible Storm'

The Intellectuals Mobilize

The Stapfer Affair: 'The Sickening Spectacle of So Much Cowardice'

In Defence of Individualism

Individual Representations and Collective Representations

The Republic versus the Army

12 A Failure?

The Essay on Sacrifice

A Working Holiday

A Specialist Journal

Religious Sociology Takes Priority: The Study of the Sacred

A Failure?

Bouglé on Equality

The Next Volume of L'Année sociologique

Ratzel, Richard and Steinmetz: Three Articles

A Discovery: Spencer and Gillen

Elections to the Collège de France: Gabriel Tarde or Henri Bergson?

13 A Word: Solidarity

Paris 1900: A New Consciousness

Great Scientific Events

Cooperation, Solidarity and Social Education

The Social Role of Universities. People's Universities

Sociology: 'An Essentially French Science'

'Ardent Proselytism'

Notes Critiques Ð Sciences Sociales

Liberalism in Crisis? In Search of a Third Way

The Sickness and the Remedy: A Greater Role for Professional Groups

14 L'Année in Crisis

L'Année and Notes Critiques: A Planned Merger

'We Go On'

The Role of Sociology in Secondary Education

A 'Provisional' Method

The Année, Volume IV

Birth of the Prison

Bibliographical Work: A New Crisis

A Death Foretold: Mélanie Durkheim

The Inner Sanctum: Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss at the Ecole pratique

'A Huge Amount of Work'

From the Aruntas to the Price of Coal

'Scholarly Cooperation', Or What Speaking Durkheim's Language Means

PART FOUR: PARIS AND THE SORBONNE

15 At the Sorbonne

'At a Standstill'

'An Outstanding Candidate'

A Painful Change

The New Sorbonne

A Successor in Bordeaux

The Inaugural Lecture

A Great Success

Academic Work is Serious Work

16 Le Grand Manitou and the Totem-Taboo Clan

The Debate with Gabriel Tarde: Sociology and Social Sceince

A Great Debate: Historical Method and Social Science

'Adorons le Totem, le Grand Manitou'

A New Research Programme: Categories of Thought

The Division of Labour in Society, Revised and Updated

Disagreements?

17 The Next Generation

'Morality is on the Agenda'

Lévy-Bruhl on Morality and the Science of Morals

The Lectures on Moral Education

A Role for Magic

An Essential Tool

The Dreyfus Affair: 'A Strict Duty to Participate in Public Life'

L'Humanité: A Waste of Time?

Holidays at Last! A New Post?

A New Generation: Georges Bourgin, Maurice Halbwachs, Robert

Hertz, and the Others

From Matrimonial Organization and the Butchery Trade

18 The Evolution of Educational Thought, or Triadic Culture

Knowing and Understanding our Educational Museum

The Reformist and the Scholar: A New Faith

Turning to History, Or The Quest for Origins

A Theory of Change

The 'Essential Characteristics' of the Education System

The Three Great Ages of Education

Towards a New Curriculum: Studying Man and Studying Nature

Cartesianism, Or The National Temperament

19 Church, State and Fatherland

The Separation of Church and State

Morality Without God: Rebelling Against Tradition

Patriotism or Internationalism? The Critique of Marxism

The Question of Divorce

Worries and Annoyance

A Generation Goes Badly Astray: Bouglé Stands for Election; Mauss

Goes to Russia

L'Année sociologique Vol IX: 'The Life of Collectivities Is Not As

Simple as That of Birds'

PART FIVE: MORALITY AND RELIGION

20 A Tenth Anniversary

Enemies and Competitors

Durkheim's Collaborators

Teaching and Juries: Facts!

Disciplinary Conflicts

Another Crisis at the Année. Magic, Death and Castes

A New Balance

An Exclusion Foretold

'I Certainly Owe a Great Deal to the Germans'

Durkheim at 50: The Légion d'honneur and a Banquet

21 'Change the World'

A Durkheimian Stance: The Cahiers du socialiste

Pacifism and Patriotism

'We Are All Society's Civil Servants'

Divorce. The Woman Question

The Origins of Religion

The End of Religion?

Mauss's La Prière? A Chair at the Collège de France?

Emile, Or The Sense of the Real

Change the World

22 Regent of the Sorbonne

'A Time for Specific Knowledge and Accurate Methods'

Generational Conflict; Les Jeunes Gens d'aujourd'hui

Regent of the Sorbonne?

Moving House. Commitments on All Sides

The New-Style Année

Ideals and Collective Effervescence

The Methodical Socialization of the Next Generation

Pedagogy: A Practical Theory

23 The Origins of Religious Life

The 'Totemist School'

Freud on Totem and Taboo

Totemism as Elementary Religion

'A Sort of Electricity'

A Sociological Theory of Knowledge

The End of Religion?

'The New Sorbonne's Theology'. Some Strong Objections

The Foreign Reception

24. A Lecture-Course, The Last Année and the End of an Era. Pragmatism.

One Last Année

A Bust and Promotion. Official Recognition

The Fashion for Pragmatism

Pragmatism and Sociology

Bergsonism Versus Sociology. 'Creative Synthesis'

Religion and Free Thought

'I Am A Grandfather'

PART SIX: THE GREAT WAR

25 Unjustified Aggression

Unjustified Aggression

The University in a Difficult Position

A Response to the 'Manifesto of German Intellectuals'

Attracting Foreign Students

The Monster Or L'Allemagne au-dessur de Tout

A Letter to Americans

Defending French Science

The (Russian) Jewish Question

26 'Thinking of the Same Thing Day and Night

'Dreadful News'

André's Campaign Or, Self-Abnegation

Lettres aux Français

The Insult

The Last Article: 'Tomorrow's Politics'

'The Moral Greatness of France'

Academic Propaganda in America

'A Last Burst of Energy and A Last Response to the Call of Duty':

'Introduction to Ethics'

'Better Die Than Live Like This'

'In Memoriam'

27 Epilogue

Signs of the Times

Bibliography

Selected Works by Emile Durkheim

Other Works Consulted