Nineteenth-Century Gardens and Gardening

Dr Sarah Dewis followed a career in graphic design at the BBC and completed her doctorate at Birkbeck University of London. She contributed to The Lure of Illustration in Nineteenth Centiury Picture and Press (2009) and to the Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland (2009). She has lectured at the Institute of Historical Research (2014) and is the author of The Loudons and the Gardening Press (2014). Dr Brent Elliott was Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society from 1982 to 2007, and since 2007 has been the Society’s Historian. He is the author of Victorian Gardens (1986), Treasures of the Royal Horticultural Society (1994), The Country House Garden (1995), Flora: an Illustrated History of the Garden Flower (2001), The Royal Horticultural Society: a History 1804-2004 (2004), and most recently, RHS Chelsea Flower Show: a Centenary Celebration (2013). A former editor of Garden History, he is currently editor of Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library. He is a member of the Victorian Society’s Buildings Committee, and for 25 years was a member of the Historic Parks and Gardens Committee/Panel of English Heritage.

Nineteenth Century Gardens and Gardening

Volume 1. Home

List of illustrations

Acknowledgments

General Introduction

Introduction to volume 1

Part 1. Green Homes

a) Domestic Gardens

1. J. C. Loudon, ‘Introduction’, The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion (1838), pp. 1-6, 8-10

2. Andrew Jackson Downing, ‘Preface’, A Treatise on the Theory and Practise of Landscape Gardening, 1st edn (1841)

3. William Howitt, ‘Favourite Pursuits of English Cottagers and Workmen’, The Rural Life of England (2 vols) 2 (1838), pp. 305-311. [first published in ‘Stepping-stones in our progress towards a great Christian republic’, Taits Edinburgh Magazine (November 1835), 731-742]

4. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Introduction’, The Town Garden: A Manual for the Management of City and Suburban Gardens (1855)

5. Charles Dickens, Great Expectations (3 vols) 2 (1861), pp. 95-100

6. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Villa Gardening’, Amateur Gardening (23 June 1888), p. 85

7. Gertrude Jekyll, ‘Introductory’ and ‘Large and Small Gardens’, Wood and Garden, Notes and Thoughts, Practical and Critical, of a Working Amateur (1899), pp. 1-6, 171-179

8. Eugène Noel, ‘Small Gardens’ (‘Petits Jardins’), Le Jardin (1887), pp. 50-51

b) Kitchen and Fruit Gardens

9. Walter Nicol, ‘The Culinary Garden, Introduction’, ‘On Situations Fit for Kitchen Gardens’, ‘The Forcing Garden, Introduction’, The Gardener’s Kalendar; or, monthly directory of operations in every branch of horticulture (1810) 2nd edn. (1812), pp. 3-9, 265-268

10. J. C. Loudon, ‘Laying Out and Planting the Kitchen and Fruit-garden’, ‘Cropping and General Management of a Kitchen-garden’, The Suburban Horticulturist (1842), pp. 416-421, 434-435

11. Elizabeth Watts, ‘Preface and Dedication’, ‘Economy of Making Gardens Pay’, ‘Roots Less General in Use’, Vegetables and How to Grow Them (1866), pp. 1-5, 47-51

12. Elizabeth Watts, ‘Preface’, ‘The Orchard’, Orchard and Fruit Garden (1867), pp. 1-5

13. Gustave Flaubert, ‘Experiments in Agriculture’, Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881) trans. by D F Hannigan (1896), p. 29, 43-48, 56-60

14. J. Douglas, ‘Culford Hall, Suffolk’, Journal of Horticulture (25 February 1875) pp. 164-166

15. Gertrude Jekyll, ‘Large and Small Gardens’, Wood and Garden Notes and Thoughts, Practical and Critical, of a Working Amateur (1899), pp. 179-183

16. Anon. ‘Introduction’, ‘Kent’, ‘Staffordshire’, The Gardeners’ Magazine; The Wasted Orchards of England (1896) pp. v-viii, 1-5, 84-88

c) Greenhouses and Conservatories

17. J. C. Loudon, ‘Preface’, ‘Introduction’, ‘Of the Placing or Arrangement of the Plants in a Green-house’ The Green-House Companion (1824), pp. v-vii, 1-5, 135-142

18. John Dillwyn Llewllyn, ‘Some Account of an Orchideous House constructed at Penllegare, South Wales’, Journal of the Horticultural Society of London, vol. 1 (1846), pp. 5-6

19. Edouard André, ‘Conservatories in the Natural Style’ and ‘A Cool House’, The Garden (20 January 1872, 17 February 1872), pp. 181-184, 288-291

20. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Introduction’, ‘The Conservatory and Winter Garden’, The Amateur’s Greenhouse and Conservatory (1873), 1-3, 215-219

21. Rhoda Broughton, extract from Not wisely, but Too Well (1867), pp. 107-108

22. Frances Jane Hope, ‘Sweet-scented Greenhouse Plants’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (12 May 1877), pp. 590-591, ‘Interesting Stove Plants’ (22 March 1879), pp. 366-367

23. H. Harland, ‘Magic Grottoes and Show Ferneries’, Gardeners’ Magazine (23 December 1876), pp. 699-700

d) Garden Structures and Ornament

24. Humphry Repton, extract from Observations on the Theory and Practise of Landscape Gardening. . . (1805), pp. 157-161

25. J. C. Loudon, ‘On the Employment of Vases as Receptacles for Plants in Town Gardens…’, Gardener’s Magazine vol. 10 (October 1834), Art. 7, pp. 489-495

26. J. C. Loudon, ‘Descriptive Notice of the Villa of Mrs Lawrence at Drayton Green’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 14 (July 1838) Art. 1, pp. 306-308, 311-319, 322

27. Andrew Jackson Downing, ‘Embellishments; Architectural, Rustic and Floral’, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1841), pp. 351-357; 383-388

28. Shirley Hibberd, Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste (1856), ‘Garden scenery and ornaments’, pp. 327-329; 335-352

29. Frances Jane Hope, ‘On Arbours or Bowers’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (6 March 1875), pp. 305-306

30. ‘P’., ’Lamport’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (25 September 1897), pp. 209-210

Part 2. Indoor Gardens

a) Plants Under Glass (and Water)

31. Daniel Ellis, ‘Description of a Plant-case…’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 15 (September 1839), 481-486

32. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, ‘On the Application of the Closed Plan in Improving the Condition of the Poor’, On the Growth of Plants in Closely-Glazed Cases (1842), pp. 57-61

33. Rev. Thomas James, ‘The Flower-garden, a Series of Reviews…’, Quarterly Review, vol. 70 (1842), pp. 214-216

34. ‘An Admirer of Plants’, ‘On the Cultivation of Plants in the Windows of the Living Rooms, Showing their Tendency to Promote Health, with their Poisonous Effects when Introduced to Sleeping Apartments’, Floricultural Magazine and Miscellany of Gardening, vol. 1 (March 1837), pp. 217-219

35. Donald Beaton, ‘Plants in a Bed-room’, The Cottage Gardener (6 March 1855), pp. 428-429

36. E. A. Maling, ‘Introductory’, ‘Filling a Drawing-room Case…’, ‘In-door Plant Case…’Flowers and Foliage for In-door Plant Cases (1861), pp. 1-14, 43-48

37. John Lindley ‘The Belgian Window Garden’, Horticulturalist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste (March 1849), pp. 427-430

38. Dr Regel, ‘Culture of Plants in Rooms’, The Garden (9 March 1872), pp. 359-362

39. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Preface’, ‘The Aquarium’, ‘The Freshwater Aquarium’, Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste (1856), pp. iii-iv, 3-5, 15-20, 87-91

40. C. Schickler, ‘Flower Stand with Fountain Operated by Air Pressure’ (‘Blumentisch mit Springbrunnen durch Luftdruck’), Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung, vol. 1 (1856-57), pp. 234-7

41. ‘Automatic Room Fountains’ (‘Selbsthättige Zimmerfontäne’), Dr Neubert’s Deutsches Garten-Magazin, vol. 1 (1882), p. 186

b) Decoration with Plants and Flowers

42. J. C. Loudon, ‘Management of Town Green-houses, and of Plants in Chambers at Routs’, The Green-House Companion (1824), pp. 246-223

43. Jules Lachaume, ‘Decoration for Balls and Soirées’ (‘Decoration de bals et soirées’), Les Fleurs Naturelles (1847), pp. 75-78

44. Louis Van Houtte, ‘Movable Trellis’ (‘Treillis Mobile’), Flore des Serres (August 1848), p. 380

45. George M’Ewen, ’A Plea for Pyramidal Pelargoniums’ Gardener’s Magazine of Botany, Horticulture, Floristry and Natural Science, vol. 1 (January to June 1850), pp. 68-70

46. Annie Hassard, ‘Screens for the Fire-place’, ‘Pot Plants in Rooms’, Floral Decorations for the Dwelling House, (1875), pp. 63-64, 109-114

47. John Wills, ‘Plants for House Decoration’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 15 (1893), pp. 84-88

48. Anon, ‘A Drama in Five Acts’ (‘Un drame en cinq actes’), Le Jardin (1891), p. 223

49. Josiah Conder, ‘Arrangement of Flowers, Introduction’, ‘Lineal Distribution’, Flowers of Japan and the Art of Floral Arrangement (1891), pp. 21-23, 45-50

c) Floral Decoration for the Table

50. E. A. Maling, ‘Preface’, ‘Flowers for Dinner Tables’, Flowers for Ornament, and Decoration and How to Arrange them (1862), iii-v, 57-69

51. Thomas C. March, ‘Glass as a Material for Displaying Flowers’, ‘Arrangement of Epergnes’, ‘Arrangements of the Flowers etc’, Flower and Fruit Decoration (1862), pp. 7-14, 32-36, 32-43

52. John Lindley, unsigned report on table decoration, Gardeners’ Chronicle (13 July 1861), pp. 646-647

53. ‘H’, ‘The Competitive Table Decorations at the Royal Botanic Gardens, by Gaslight’, The Garden, (20 July 1872), p. 52

54. Annie Hassard, ‘Artificial Light of Dining-rooms’, ‘Plants Placed through Dinner Tables’, The Garden (18 July 1874), pp. 55-56

55. John Perkins, ‘Introduction’, ‘Breakfast or Luncheon Table’, ‘Dinner Table’,Floral Designs for the Table: Being Directions for its Ornamentation with Leaves, Flowers and Fruit … (1877), PP. 9-10, 24, 31

56. Edward Luckhurst, ‘The Arrangement of Cut Flowers’, Journal of Horticulture (15 September 1881), pp. 237-238, (22 September 1881), pp. 270-271

57. Shirley Hibberd, ‘A Cheap Table Decoration’, Amateur Gardening (8 May 1884), p. 6

d) Language of Flowers, Wax Modelling and Leaf Prints

58. Henry Phillips, ‘Preface’, ‘Introduction’, Floral Emblems (1825), pp. v-ix, 23-26

59. Jules Lachaume, ‘Emblematic Language of Flowers - A’, Les Fleurs Naturelles (1847), pp. 79-89

60. Ann Pratt and Thomas Miller, ‘Preface’, ‘A’, The Language of Flowers, the Association of Flowers, Popular Tales of Flowers (1870s), pp. 5-6, 15-16

61. Sarah Carter Edgarton Mayo, ‘Preface’, ‘Key to the Fortune Teller’, ‘White Flowers’, The Floral Fortune-Teller: a Game for the Season of Flowers (1847), pp. iii-vi, 8-22

62. Emma Peachey, ‘The Editor’, ‘Preface’, ‘Peachey, ‘Roses—Instructions’, The Royal Guide to Wax Flower Modelling (1851), pp. ix-xiv, 4-8, 30-35

63. Annie M. Williams, ‘Introductory Remarks’, ‘To Make Leaves and Stems for Wax Flowers’, ‘Arrangement of Flowers for Baskets, Vases, etc’, ‘To Make Stamens, Pistils etc, for Wax Flowers’, Wax-Flower Modelling Made Easy (1871), pp. 1-12, 17-25

64. Edward Parrish, ‘The Leaf a Type of the Tree’, ’How and What to Collect’, ‘Maceration’, ‘Seed-vessels’, ‘Bleaching’, ‘Mounting the Specimens’, The Phantom Bouquet…. on the art of skeletonising leaves … and adapting them to embellish homes of taste (1862), pp. 13-24, 30-41

65. James F. Robinson, ‘Leaf Printing from Nature’, The Garden (29 November 1873), pp. 432-433

66. F. W. Burbidge, ‘How to Skeletonise Leaves and Seed-vessels for Winter Decorations’, Domestic Floriculture (1874), pp. 195-199

Bibliography of Sources

List of Press Sources

Bibliography of works cited

Appendix

Index

Volume 2 – Community

List of illustrations

Acknowledgments

General Introduction

Introduction to volume 2

Part 1. Gardens for the Poor

a) Allotments, Community and Productivity

1. John Denson, ‘Letter 9’, A Peasant’s Voice to Landowners (1830), pp. 59-64

2. George Treweeke Scobell ‘On Field Gardens for the Labouring Poor’, ‘Rules and Regulations at Midsomer Norton’ (appendix), The Labourer’s Friend: a selection from the publications of the Labourers' Friend Society, showing the utility and national advantage of allotting land for Cottage Husbandry (1831), (1835), pp. 81-86, 282-284

3. James Orange, Cottage Garden Plan Considered: Restoration of Ancient Rights, A Plea on Behalf of the Poor (December 1840) 1841, pp. 36-52

4. Richard Jefferies, ‘On Allotment Gardens’, New Quarterly Magazine, vol. 4 (1875), pp. 1-12, 17-20, 23-32

5.Thomas Hardy, ‘Phase the Sixth, the Convert’, Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891; 1895 edn), pp. 449-451

6. Joseph Arch, ‘The Causes of Agricultural Depression’, From Ploughtail to Parliament (1898; 1986 edn), pp. 342-345

7. Anon, ‘Children’s Gardens’, (‘Der Kindergarten’), Illustrirete Garten-Zeitung, vol. 28 (1884), pp. 79-81

b) Ornamental Cottage Gardens and Corporate Gardens

8. Robert Owen, ‘Essay Third’, A New View of Society: Or, Essays on the Formation of Human Character Preparatory to the Development of a Plan for Gradually Ameliorating the Condition of Mankind, 3rd edn (1817), pp. 85-88, 119-122

9. J. C. Loudon, ‘The Village of Harlaxton, Harlaxton Manor’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 16 (July 1840), 337-341

10. George Meredith, ‘Kentish Family’, Rhoda Fleming (1865) vol. 1, pp. 10-12, 16-18

11. Anon., ‘Gardens on a Roof in London’ (‘Les jardins sur les toits à Londres’), Belgique Horticole, vol. 10 (1860), pp. 220-221

12. William Morris, ‘A Factory as it Might Be’, Justice: The Organ of the Social Democracy (17 May 1884), p. 2

13. Reginald Brabazon, ‘Decay of Bodily Strength in Towns’, Nineteenth Century, vol. 21 (1887), pp. 673-676

Part 4. Gardens for the Dead: Cemeteries

14. George Alfred Walker, Gatherings from Graveyards (1839), pp. 147-153

15. John Strang, Necropolis Glasguensis (1831), pp. 41-48

16. John Claudius Loudon, On the Laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries (1843), pp. 14-16, 18-22, 53-56, 67-70

17. Andrew Jackson Downing, ‘Public Cemeteries and Public Gardens’, from Rural Essays (1853), pp. 154-159

18. Jacob Bigelow, History of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn (1860), pp. 14-19; 19-20, 117-122

19. Edmond Saul Dixon, extract from ‘Gardening’, Quarterly Review, vol. 89 (1851), pp. 1-32

20. J. Robson, ‘Maidstone Cemetery’, Journal of Horticulture (21 March 1872), pp. 256-258

21. William Robinson, God’s Acre Beautiful (1880), pp. 1-3, 11-17, 27-40

22. Mrs Basil Holmes, The London Burial Grounds (1896), pp. 232-249, 273-274

23. Goncourt brothers, Germinie Lacerteux (1865) [trans. 1892], pp. 268-272

Part 2. Setting the Scene

24. J. C. Loudon, ‘Of the Different Conditions of Men Engaged in the Practice or Pursuit of Gardening’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822), pp. 1199-1202

a) Training and Social Status

25. J. C. Loudon, ‘Of the Education of Gardeners’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822), pp. 1322 - 1332

26. Anon, ‘Horticultural Institute of Fromont, created and administered by M. Soulange-Bodin’ (’L’institut horticole de Fromont, crée et dirgé par M. le Chevalier Soulange-Bodin’), Revue Horticole (April- June, 1829), pp. 36-37

27. ‘Report of the Committee’ in extenso, last number of the Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society, London, vol. 5. no. 8 (August to November 1865), pp. 153-160

28. Maxwell T. Masters, ‘School of Gardening’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (2 April 1881), p. 437, ‘Practice’, ‘The Crystal Palace School of Gardening’ (7 May), 603-604, Edward Milner, ‘Crystal Place Company’s School of Gardening’, ‘OP’, untitled response (14 May), p. 636

29. Donald Beaton, ‘My Autobiography’, Cottage Gardener and Country Gentleman (28 November 1855), pp. 153-156

30. D. T. Fish, ‘British Gardeners,’ no. 18, Gardeners’ Chronicle (22 May 1875), pp. 655-656

31. Anon., ‘The Tyranny of Gardeners’ Gardeners’ Chronicle (11 Dec 1869), p. 1286, Barnes V. Rolle, Gardeners’ Chronicle (18 December, 1869), 1305-1306

32. Archibald Banks, (pseud. Oswald Crawfurd) ‘English Flower Gardens’, New Quarterly, vol. 3 (1875), pp. 373-377; 398

33. Gertrude Jekyll, ‘Masters and Men’, Wood and Garden, Notes and Thoughts, Practical and Critical, of a Working Amateur (1899), pp. 271-279

34. Thomas Meehan, ‘Condition and prospects of gardeners in the United States’, Horticulturalist, vol. 6 (May 1851), pp. 217-220, ‘The Banana’, Meehan’s Monthly, vol. 9 (January 1899), p. 13

b) Commerce: Nurserymen and Florists

35. George Crabbe, ‘My Friend the Weaver…’, The Borough, a poem, in 24 letters, rev. 2nd edn (1810), pp. 109-111

36. Isaac Emmerton, ‘Preface’, ‘The Properties of a Good Auricula’, A Plain and Practical Treatise on the Culture and Management of the Auricula (1815), pp. v-xiv, 21-29

37. Thomas Hogg, ‘Characteristics of a Bad and Good Florist etc’ Concise and Practical Treatise on the Growth and Culture of the Carnation, Pink…. and other Flowers (1820), pp. 17-19

38. ‘Charles Turner’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (4 August 1883), pp. 134-35, 145

39. ‘B. S. Williams, New and General Plant Catalogue’ (1883)

40. Anon., ‘Messrs Wills and Segar, Floral Decorators etc’, Illustrated London and its Representatives of Commerce (1893), p. 103

41. Jules Lachaume, ‘Introduction’, ‘The Progress of Horticulture in France’ (‘Progrès de l’horticulture en France’), ‘no. 5 ‘Coiffure à la Sévigné’, Les Fleurs Naturelles (1847), pp. 5-6, 15-19, 38-39

42. Henry Mayhew, ‘Of the Sellers of Trees, Shrubs, Flowers (Cut and in Pots), Roots, Seeds and Branches’, ‘The London Flower Girls’, London Labour and the London Poor (1851), pp. 130, 134-135

43. Juliet Pollock, ‘Flowers in London’, Temple Bar, vol. 56, (1879), pp. 188-193

c) Commerce: Market Gardeners and Seedsmen

44. ‘History of a Seed Firm’ (from J. C. Morton, Agricultural Gazette), Gardeners’ Magazine (3 June 1876), pp. 285-286

45. C. W. Shaw, ‘London Market Gardening Introduction’, ‘Forced Strawberries’, ‘Outdoor Strawberries’, ‘Packing Strawberries’, The London Market Gardens, 1879, pp. 1-7, 102-114

46. Charles Baltet, ‘At the Eiffel Tower’ (‘Le Tour Eiffel’), Le Jardin, vol. 3 (1889), pp. 162-163

d) Gender and Social Status

47. Elizabeth Kent, ‘Preface’, ‘S’, Flora Domestica, or the Portable Flower Garden; with Directions for the Treatment of Plants in Pots, and Illustrations from the Works of the Poets, (1823), pp. xiii-xix, 333 – 338 and ‘Preface’, Sylvan Sketches, or, A Companion to the Park and the Shrubbery (1825), pp. ix-xix

48. Anne Pratt, ‘The Ferns of Great Britain’, The Ferns of Great Britain, and their Allies the Club Mosses, Pepperworts and Horsetails (1855), pp. 1-14

49. J. C. Loudon, ‘Introduction’, The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion (1838), pp. 6-8

116. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Book II. The Garden, Letter 7’, The Lady’s Country Companion; or, How to Enjoy a Country Life Rationally (1845), pp. 127-142

50. Edith L. Chamberlain and Fanny Douglas, ‘Gardening as a Profession’, The Gentlewoman’s Book of Gardening (1892), pp. 207-218

51. Gertrude Jekyll, ‘Beginning and Learning’, Wood and Garden, Notes and Thoughts, Practical and Critical, of a Working Amateur (1899), pp. 188-199

52. Elizabeth Von Arnim (Anon), Elizabeth and Her German Garden (1898),’ pp. 5-10, 12-23

53. Samuel Reynolds Hole, ‘The Country Parson and his Garden’, The Garden (1 January 1876), pp. 1-3

Bibliography of Sources

List of Press Sources

Bibliography of works cited

Appendix

Index

Gardens and gardening in the nineteenth century

Volume 3. Science: Institutions

List of illustrations

Acknowledgments

General Introduction

Introduction to volume 3

Part 1. Communications

a) Shows and Societies

1. Anon., ‘Harpurhey’, ‘Notices’, An Account of the Different Gooseberry Shows … (1819, 1821), pp. 68-69, 149-50

2. Anon., ‘Notices’, ‘Mason’s Arms’, An Account of the Different Flower-shows … (1821), pp. 8-10; Thomas Hogg, ‘Rules, Regulations, Prizes’; Concise and Practical Treatise on the Culture of Florists’ Flowers (1820), pp. 151-157; J. C. Loudon. ‘Walworth Florists’ Garden’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 1 (July 1826), pp. 349-351

3. Thomas Andrew Knight, ‘Introductory remarks’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London (1807), pp. 1-7

4. J. C. Loudon and ‘A Subscriber’, ‘Horticultural Society and Garden’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 3 (September 1827), pp. 108-109 and ‘Philo-Olitorum’, ‘Fete in the Chiswick Garden’ (November 1827), pp. 231-233

5. John Lindley, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Chronicle, (26 June 1847), p. 419; Edward Beck, ‘Chiswick Exhibition—Exclusion of Seedling Florists’ Flowers, (2 October 1847), p. 654; John Lindley, ‘Leader’ (9 October 1847), p. 667

6. Jackson Downing, ‘Horticultural Shows’, Horticulturalist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste, (September 1850), pp. 105-107; Thomas Meehan, ‘Horticultural societies and the horticultural community’ Gardener’s Monthly and Horticultural Advertiser (1 March 1862), 81-82

7. William Paul, ‘Floricultural Millinery’, Florist and Pomologist (May, 1869), pp. 98-100; Samuel Reynolds Hole, (‘The Six of Spades’), ‘Mr. Evans on Shows and Showing’, The Garden (21 September 1872), pp. 243-245; Anon (George Johnson/Robert Hogg), ‘Special Shows’, Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener (5 July 1877) 1-2

b) The Gardening Press

8. J. C. Loudon, ’Introduction’, Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural Improvement, vol. 1 (1826), pp. 1-9

9. Joseph Harrison, ‘Introduction’, Floricultural Cabinet (March 1833), pp. 1-3

10. Pierre Antoine Poiteau, ‘A Selection of Editorial Comments, Revue Horticole, ou Journal des Jardiniers et Amateurs, 1829, vol. 1, p. 51; 1831, p. 529; vol. 2, 1832, pp. 5-6

11. Andrew Jackson Downing, Horticulturalist and Journal of Rural Art (July 1846), pp. 9-10

12. Thomas Meehan, ‘Publisher’s Card’, ‘Congratulatory and Explanatory’, ‘Cottage Window Gardening’, ‘The Influence of Horticulture’, Gardener’s Monthly and Horticultural Advisor (1 January 1859), p. 6

13. George Glenny, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Gazette and Weekly Journal of Science, Literature and General News (7 January 1837) p. 8, ‘Prospectus’ (5 August 1837), ‘Leader’ (14 July 1838), p. 440

14. John Lindley, ‘Leader’, ‘Prospectus’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (2 January 1841), (30 March 1872), pp. 428-429

15. George W. Johnson, ‘Introductory’, Cottage Gardener (5 October 1848), p. 1

16. Anon., The Garden: An Illustrated Weekly Journal of Horticulture in All Its Branches (30 March 1872), pp. 420-421

17. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Marketing for the Garden’, ‘Profitable Gardening’, Amateur Gardening (1 January 1884), pp. 1-2

c) Nurseries and Seed Companies

18. ‘Robert Sweet was indicted for feloniously receiving, on the 29th January, seven plants…the goods of our lord the King…’ (1824), p. 1, 9-18, 19-23

19. Anon., (Suttons) ‘Garden Memoranda‘, Gardeners’ Chronicle (27 November 1852), pp. 758-759; ‘A Seedman’s Plea’ (22 December 1866), 1221-1222; ‘Farm Memoranda’ (9 February 1867), 140; Gardeners’ Magazine, Advert (24 January 1874)

20. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Messrs James Carter and Co.’s Seed Stores’, Gardeners’ Magazine (31 January 1874), p. 51

21. Anon., ‘First Prosecution under the Adulteration of Seeds Act’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1 December 1877), pp. 697-698

22. Front cover Carters’ Bulb Catalogue (1895), and ‘Carter’s Choice Ranunculus’, p. 24.

Part 2. Empire

a) Classification (pre-1850)

23. John Horsefield, ‘John Horsefield, the Botanist’, Manchester Guardian (21 December, 1850), p. 5

24. J. C. Loudon, ‘Taxonomy or the Classification of Plants’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1827), bk. 1, ch. 4, pp. 128-130

25. Elizabeth Kent, ‘Considerations on Botany as a Study for Young People…’, Magazine of Natural History (1829), pp. 124-135

26. John Lindley, ‘Letters on Botany’, Ladies’ Botany, or a Familiar Introduction to the Study of the Natural System of Botany, vol. 1 (1834), pp. 3-18

b) Plant Collecting

27. Joseph Banks, ‘Extract of a letter...from Sir Joseph Banks…Botanical Collectors…1814,’ British Parliamentary Papers, 1821, xxi, p. 374 –376

28. John Lindley, ‘Instructions for Collecting and Packing Seeds and Plants in Foreign Countries….’, Tracts (1825), pp. 5-20

29. Donald Beaton, ‘Packing Trees for the Colonies’, Cottage Gardener (26 February 1852), pp. 331-333; ‘Packing Fruit Trees etc for Our Colonies’ (1 March 1852), 352-354

30. Robert Schomburgk, ‘Journal entry, Jan. 1st 1837’, The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835-1844, (Riviere, 2006) pp. 196-197; Twelve Views in the Interior of Guiana (1841), pp. 1-2; Alcide D’Orbigny, ‘Notes on the Species Victoria’ (Notes sur les éspèces du genre Victoria’), Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique (1840), 53-57

31. Walter Hood Fitch and Joseph Hooker, ‘Rhododenron dalhousiae’, The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya… (1849)

32. Charles Maries ‘Rambles of a Plant Collector’, The Garden (23 July 1881), pp. 84-86

33. Robert Fortune, Three Years Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China (1847), pp. 376-80; ‘Letter from Fortune to the Government in India and copy-contract between Fortune and his contractor, Wang–tih Poon’ (1851)

34. Thomas Birch Freeman, correspondence with Joseph Hooker from ‘Beulah Gardens’, Nigeria, (1872/3)

35. Charles Naudin, ‘Naudin’s Horticultural visit to Algiers’, Revue Horticole (1853), pp. 149-158

c) Botanic Gardens

36. William Jackson Hooker, ‘Plan and Key’, Catalogue of Plants, Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasgow, (1825)

37. J. C. Loudon, ‘The Hackney Nursery or Commercial Botanical Garden’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1827), bk.4, pt. 3, sect.3, p. 1035

38. Robert Marnock, ’On the Formation of Floricultural and Botanical Gardens, with Remarks on Botanical Gardens – the Objects of the Latter Differing from the Former’, Floricultural Magazine (January 1837), pp. 169-174

39. John Lindley, ‘Report made to the Committee appointed by the Lords of the Treasury, 1838, to Inquire into the Management &c. of the Royal Gardens at Kew’, (London: House of Commons) 1840. Parliamentary Papers, 1840

40. Pierre Boitard, ‘The Botanic Garden and School’, (‘Du Jardin et de l’école botanique’), Traite de la Composition de l’Ornement des Jardins’… (5th edn. 1839), pp. 50-52, plate 8 (figs 1 2,3,4,6,8)

41. Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, ‘The Use of Botanic Gardens, Gardeners’ Chronicle, (10 August, 1872), pp. 1068-1070 (17 August, 1872), 1099-1100 (7 September 1872), 1196-1197

d) Zoological Gardens

42. Jules Janin, ‘Introduction’, Pierre Boitard (ed.) The Jardin des Plantes: Description of the Mammals and their Habits of the Menagerie and of the Natural History Museum (Les Jardin des Plantes…) (1842), pp. i-ii; li-lvi

43. Decimus Burton, ‘Design for the Gardens in the Regents Park belonging to the Zoological Society’ and accompanying letter by the President and Council of the Zoological Society (1827)

44. Joseph Paxton, ‘Art 1, Ideas on Forming a New Garden in the Neighbourhood of London for the Collective Purposes of the Zoological, Horticultural, and Medico-Botanic Societies’, Horticultural Register (October 1831), pp. 171-177

45. Joshua Major, Art 2, ‘Remarks on Mr. Billington’s plan for Leeds Zoological and Botanical Gardens in a Letter to the Council’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 15 (June 1839), pp. 306-316

46. Andrew Wynter, ‘The Zoological Gardens’, Quarterly Review, vol. 98 (1855), pp. 220-226, 228-230, 245-248

47. Advertisment, ‘Carl Hagenbeck’s Zoological Paradise’, 1898. Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg

e) Arboretums and Woodland

48. J. C. Loudon, ‘Catalogue of Hardy Trees with Showy Flowers’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822), bk. 2, pt. 3, ch. 9, pp. 1013-1015; ‘Art 2, Calls at London Nurseries, and other Suburban Gardens; ‘The Hackney Botanic Garden. Messrs. Loddiges, June 21’ Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 9 (1833), pp. 467-469

49. J. C. Loudon, ‘Introduction’, ‘Conclusion’, ‘Of the Study of the Forms of Trees and Shrubs’, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum …. vol. 1 (1838), 1-4, 191-192, 193-198; vol. 7, two illustrations at different seasons of the sessile oak, now known as Quercus petraea, a native English species.

50. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Management of the Lawn, Pleasure-grounds, and Shrubbery, of a Small Villa’, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies, (1840), pp. 315-322

51. J. Robson, ‘The Arboretum versus the Pinetum’, Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener and Country Gentlemen (16 January 1865), pp. 23-24

52. Laburnocytisus × adami: Prévost and Poiteau, Annales de la Société d’Horticulture de Paris vol. 7(1830), pp. 93- 96; William Herbert, ‘On Hybridization among Vegetables’, Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. 2 (1847) p. 100; Charles Darwin, The Variation of Plants and Animals under Domestication (1868) vol. I, pp. 465-466, 467-469

53. 5th Annual Report, City of Boston Documents 1880, ‘Bussey Farm and the Arnold Arboretum at West Roxbury’; Charles S. Sargent summary to the Board of Park Commissioners, (1879), PP. 120-122, and ‘Mr Olmsted’s Plan’, Harvard University: ‘Proposition as to a Public Ground to include the Harvard Arboretum’ (1880), Charles S. Sargent, letter to President of Harvard University (1885), Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College, 1884-1885, pp. 147-151.

54. Henry David Thoreau, ‘To Inches Wood in Boxboro’, The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, (1906 ed.) (9, 10, November 1860), Journal 14, ch. 4, pp, 224-230

55. Francis Jane Hope, ‘Winter Aspects of Trees’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (22 February 1873), pp. 254-256

Volume 4. Science: Applications

List of illustrations

Acknowledgments

General Introduction

Introduction to volume 4

Part 1. ‘Nature’s Gardens’

a) Ecology

1. William Robinson ‘Nature’s Gardens: Niagara’, The Garden (25 November 1871), pp. 15-16

2. Alexander Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants (La Géographie des Plantes (1807) (English trans. Sylvie Romanowski (2009), pp.64-66, 69-73, 74-75

3. Ernst Haeckel, General Morphology of Organisms (Generelle Morphologie der Organismen) (1866), bk 5, ch. 19, sect 11, excerpt, pp. 286-287; Edwin Lankester, The History of Creation…(1876), pp. 353-354

4. Anne Pratt, ‘Dispersion of Seeds…’, The Field, the Garden, and the Woodland, or, Interesting Facts Respecting Flowers and Plants in General: Designed for the Young (1841) pp. 18-29

5. Louis van Houtte ‘Short Excursion in the Mountains and the Virgin Forest of Brazil’ (Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 3 (1847), excerpt, p. 282, 282b, 282c

6. Charles Darwin, ‘The Struggle for Existence’, The Origin of Species, (1859 edn.), pp. 71-75

7. Henry David Thoreau, ‘The Succession of Trees’ (1860), lecture excerpt

b) Environment

8. Louis van Houtte, ‘Short Excursion in the Mountains and Virgin Forests of Brazil (‘Courte excursion dans les montagnes des Orgues et dans les forêts vierges au Brésil’), Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 3 (1847) p. 282e-f; 302e-f.

9. Charles Naudin, ‘Egoism and Improvidence’ (‘Egoïsme et Imprévoyance’), Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 11 (1856), pp. 21-24

10. Robinson ‘Nature’s Gardens: Niagara’, The Garden (2 December 1871), pp. 26-27

11. F W Burbidge ‘Collecting Orchids Abroad’, Orchids: A Review of their Structure and History, illustrated... (1885), Lewis R Castle, pp. 100-103

12. Jacob Forst, ‘The Cyclopolis in Bloom’, The Midland Florist and Horticulturalist (January 1860), pp. 1-5

13. Edward Newman, ‘Introduction’, ‘Forked Spleenwort’, A History of British Ferns (1840), pp. vii-ix, 73-74

14. Thomas C. March, ‘Moss’, Flower and Fruit Decoration (1862), pp. 30-32

15. Francis Hope, ‘A Plea for Mosses 1 and 2’ Gardeners’ Chronicle (13 February 1875), pp. 204-205; (1 May 1875) 560

Part 2. Experiment

a) Plant Breeding and Propagation

16. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Modes of Propagation by Division’, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies (1840), pp. 70-93

17. F. W. Burbidge, ‘Propagation’, in Domestic Floriculture (2nd edn. 1875), pp. 29-38

18. John Lindley, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (6 July 1844), p. 443

19. Donald Beaton, ‘Greenhouse and Window Gardening’, ‘Geraniums’, Cottage Gardener (9 August 1849), pp. 243-4, ‘Naming New Plants and Crossing Old Ones’, (7 July 1853), 257-8

20. Thomas Meehan, review of the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Gardener’s Monthly, vol. 2 (May 1860), pp. 151-153; ‘Variations in Nature: A Contribution to the Doctrine of Evolution, and the Theory of Natural Selection’, An Address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Montreal Meeting (August 1882), pp. 8-14

21. Maxwell T. Masters, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (6 March 1875), pp. 308-9

22. Shirley Hibberd, ‘The Horticulture of Fifty Years’, Gardeners’ Magazine (7 April, 1883), pp. 163-4

23. William Bateson, ‘Hybridisation and Cross-breeding as a Method of Scientific Investigation’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (1900), pp. 59-66

b) Glass Gardens

24. J. C. Loudon, ‘Forms of Hot-house Roofs’, ‘Details of the Construction of Roofs…’, Glazing of Hot-house Roofs’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1827), pp 314-21

25. Joseph Paxton, ‘Description of Victoria Regia House at Chatsworth’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (24 August 1850), p. 548-49

26. Philip Henry Gosse, ‘The Palm-House’, Wanderings through the Conservatories at Kew (1856), pp. 40-6

27. Robert Fish, ‘Erecting a Greenhouse Adjoining a Residence’, Cottage Gardener and Gentleman’s Companion, 12 (5 September 1854), pp. 443-5

28. ‘Hothouses for the Million’, advertisement, Gardener’s Chronicle (21 January 1860), p. 60

29. ‘Horticultural Buildings’, Gardener’s Chronicle (22 February 1896), p. 244; Duncan Tucker catalogue (after 1897) birds-eye-view ‘horticultural joinery mill’ and interior [illustrations]

c) Pipes, Pumps and Cement

30. Conrad Loddiges, ‘On Warming Hothouses by Steam’, Botanical Cabinet, vol. 3 (1818)

31. James Main, ‘On Heating Hot-houses by Hot Water; with some account of a new mode, the invention of Mr Weekes’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 9 (February 1833), pp. 34-36; Loudon response, 36-37; Advert, ‘Weekes Radiator, Gardeners’ Chronicle (11 August 1860), 742

32. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Gas Heating’, The Amateur’s Greenhouse and Conservatory (1873), pp. 22-26

33. J. C. Loudon, ‘On the Construction of Fountains for Gardens’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 9 (April 1833), pp. 208-17

34. Joseph Paxton, ‘The Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth’, Paxton’s Magazine of Botany, vol. 11 (1844) pp. 223-227

35. Freeman Roe, Hand-book of Fountains (1845), pp. 12-14; ‘Hydraulic Ram’ pp. 38-43

36. ‘Observator’, ‘On the Construction of Artificial Rock’ Gardeners’ Chronicle (4 March 1843), p. 134

37. Anon, ‘Artistic Grottoes and Rock Formations’, Neubert’s Deutsches Garten-Magazin, vol. 1 (1882), pp. 136-8

d) Garden Implements and Machines

38. Anon, ‘Tools and Instruments’, Revue Horticole, vol. 1 (April 1829), pp. 19-20

39. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Stirring the Soil’, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies (1840), pp. 7-11

40. Elizabeth Watts, extract from Flowers and the Flower Garden… (1867), pp. 15-16

41. Thomas Record, ‘Watering Contrivances’, Journal of Horticulture vol. 24 (1873), 429-32

42. James Glaisher, ‘On a Thermometer for Taking Temperatures at the Roots of Plants’, ‘On a Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 4 (1873), 25-7

43. J. C. Loudon, ‘Budding’s Machine for Cropping or Shearing the Vegetable surface of Lawns, Green Plots etc’ Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 8 (January 1832), pp. 34-36; ‘Patent Lawn-mowing and Rolling Machines’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1869), p. 742; William Paul, Handbook of Villa Gardening (1865), pp. 18-22; Max de Nansouty, ‘Gardening and Automobilism’, Le Jardin (1899), 220-21

44. Henry Steuart, The Planter's Guide; Or, A Practical Essay on the Best Method of Giving Immediate Effect to Wood (1828), pp. 223-35

45. William Barron, ‘On Transplanting Large Trees’, British Winter Garden (1852), pp. 25-39

e) Deterrents

46. J. C. Loudon, ‘Machines of Defence’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822), pp. 235-37

47. Peter Kendall, ‘On the Employment of Cats in the Preservation of Fruit from Birds’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, 2nd series, vol. 1 (1835), pp. 390-1; George Fergusson Wilson, ‘Scarecrows’, Gardener’s Chronicle (23 November 1872), p. 1556

48. ‘The Accompanying Branches…Destruction…Winter Moth…, Scientific Committee, Report of meeting of 7 June 1872’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 3, pp. lxxx–lxxxi

49. P. M. A. Millardet, Report on the Use of a Mixture of Lime and Copper Sulphate against Mildew’, Journal d’Agriculture Pratique (1885), pt 2, pp. 731-4

50. ‘Gishurst Compound’, advertisement, Gardeners’ Chronicle (26 February 1859), p. 182: John Lindley, leader, (9 April 1859), 312

f) Fertilisers

51. Isaac Emmerton, ‘Composts Nos 1-8’, A Plain and Practical Treatise on the Culture & Management of the Auricula, Polyanthus, Carnation, Pink, and the Ranunculus; with Full Directions for Preparing the Most Approved Composts, Raising New Varieties from Seed, & C. & C. Founded Upon Thirty Years' Successful Experience (1815), pp. 56-69

52. J. C. Loudon, ‘Hints for a Plan for Saving Manure Lost in the Common Sewers of London’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 5 (December 1829), pp. 690-91

53. Victor Hugo, ‘The Intestines of Leviathan’, Les Miserables, (1862)

54. John Lindley, ‘New Manure Called Guano’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1841), p. 598, ‘Adulterated Guano’, [Leader] (11 May 1850), p. 291, ‘London Guano - Bermondsey Incident’, (1 June), 342

55. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Manures and Composts’, Profitable Gardening (1863), pp. 27-36

56. John Bennet Lawes, ‘Superphosphate of Lime’, ‘In What do the Fertilising Qualities of Bones Consist?’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1844), p. 107

Select bibliography of sources

List of press sources

Select bibliography of works cited

Index

Volume 5 – Garden Design

Acknowledgments

General Introduction

Introduction to volume 5

Part 1 - The Garden as a Work of Art

a) General Theory

1. Humphry Repton, illustrated motto from Designs for the Pavillon at Brighton (1822)

2. Sigismund Gottfried Dittmar, ‘The Artistic Beauty of Garden Culture: A Theoretical Essay’ [‘Der Kunstschönen der Gartencultur’], Neues Allgemeines Garten-Magazin, part II, vol. 1 (1825), pp. 251-262

3. John Claudius Loudon, Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion (1838), pp. 136-142

4. Ramsay Richard Reinagle, ‘Original Beauty in Lines and Forms’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 3 (1827), pp. 247-252

5. James Main, ‘Remarks on the Question, whether the Architect or the Landscape Gardener should be Employed First’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 8 (1832), pp. 673-677

6. William Henry Leeds, ‘Landscape and Ornamental Gardening’, Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. 16 (1835), pp. 154-159

7. Anon., ‘On the Arrangement of Ornamental Plants’, Florist’s Journal (1840), pp. 177-180

8. Donald Beaton, ‘How to Proceed in the Arrangement of Pleasure-grounds’, Cottage Gardener, vol. 23 (1860), pp. 249-251

9. Edward Kemp, ‘Biddulph Grange’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1856), p. 679

10. John Dando Sedding, Garden-craft Old and New (1890), pp. 2-5, 6-9, 13-14

11. Thomas Mawson, The Art and Craft of Garden-Making (1900), pp. 1-3, 5

b) …and in Practice

12. Thomas Love Peacock, extract from Headlong Hall (1816)

13. Robert Plumer Ward, extract from De Clifford, or the Constant Man (1841), pp. 231-240

14. Edward Kemp, How to Lay out a Garden, 3rd ed. (1864), pp. 28-33

15. Gustave Flaubert, Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881) [1936 transl.], pp. 59-62, 65-66

16. Alfred Austin, The Garden that I Love (1892), pp. 14-15, 56-57, 114-117

Part 2. General Principles of Garden Design

a) The Landscape Garden

17. Humphry Repton, Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1805), pp. 13-14, 108-110

18. Thomas Shepherd, Lectures on Landscape Gardening in Australia (1836), pp. 17-30

19. Robert Glendinning, ‘On the Introduction of Single Trees into Park Scenery’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 12 (1836), pp. 513-515

20. Robert Henry Cheney, excerpt from ‘Landscape Gardening’, Quarterly Review, vol. 98 (1855), pp. 206-212

21. Hermann Graf von Pückler-Muskau, ‘Enclosure’, Andeutungen über Landschaftsgärtnerei (1834) [transl. 2014 as Hints on Landscape Gardening], pp. 36-38.

22. Carl August Sckell, ‘Observations on the Landscape Gardening of Germany, as Compared with that of England’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 10 (1834), pp. 197-200

23. MM. Denis & Renouard, ‘Landscape Garden Containing a Symmetrical Garden’ (Jardin Paysager Renfermant un Jardin Symmetrique), Belgique Horticole, vol. 3 (1853), p. 228

24. J. C. Loudon, Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion (1838), pp. 159-169

25. James Fenimore Cooper, extracts from ‘American and European Scenery Compared’, in The Home Book of the Picturesque (1852), pp. 52-54, 58-60, 64

26. Andrew Jackson Downing, Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1841), pp. 28-43

27. Joshua Major, The Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1852), pp. 6-8, 18-24

28. Mungo Temple, ‘Marnock’s Maxims’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1890), p. 20

29. H. E. Milner, The Art and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1890), pp. 1-8

30. Thomas Mawson, ‘Planting for Landscape Effect’, The Art and Craft of Garden-Making (1900), pp. 113-118, 121-123

b) The Architectural Garden and Historical Revivals

31. Humphry Repton, extract from Enquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening (1806), pp. 31-41

32. Humphry Repton, extract from Fragments on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1816), pp. 40-41, 48; 137-147

33. John Claudius Loudon, introduction to his edition of The Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton Esq. (1840), pp. v-x

34. Charles M’Intosh, The Flower Garden (1838), pp. 9-20

35. John Lindley, ‘On the Arrangement of Gardens and Pleasure-Grounds in the Elizabethan Age’, from Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. 3 (1848), pp. 1-2

36. Robert Glendinning, ‘Elvaston Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Harrington’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1849), p. 773

37. Donald Beaton, ‘Shrubland Park’, Cottage Gardener, vol. 16 (1856), pp. 452-453, 469-470

38. Edward Kemp, How to Lay out a Garden, 3rd ed. (1864), p. 91-95, 99, 110-113

39. F. G. Stephens, ‘Horticultural Society’s New Gardens’, Athenaeum, 16 March 1861, pp. 362-363, William Hepworth Dixon, ‘Our Weekly Gossip’, Athenaeum, 8 June 1861, p. 766, F. G. Stephens, ‘Horticultural Gardens – Kensington’, Athenaeum, 19 October 1861, p. 509

40. John Lindley and William Andrews Nesfield, leader from Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1862, pp. 379-380

41. Adolphe Alphand, Introduction [incorporating a history of gardening, excerpts from which follow), Les Promenades de Paris (1867-73), pp. xv-xxxi

42. Eleanor Vere Boyle, extracts from Days and Hours in a Garden (1884), pp. 3-13

43 John Dando Sedding, extract from Garden-craft Old and New (1890), pp. 179-182

44. Reginald Blomfield, extract from The Formal Garden in England (1891), pp. 1-7, 11-13

45. William Robinson, extract Garden Design and Architects’ Gardens (1892), pp. 25-30

46. Lothar Abel, ‘The Artistic Aspirations of the Gardeners of our Century’ [‘Die Kunst Bestrehungen in der Gärtner unseres Jahrhunderts’], Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung, vol. 17 (1892), pp. 325-333

Bibliography of Sources

List of Press Sources

Bibliography of works cited

Index

Volume 6 - The Art of the Gardener

Acknowledgments

General Introduction

Introduction to volume 6

Part 1. The Flower Garden

a) The Development of the Parterre

1. Maria Jackson, Florist’s Manual (1816), pp. 1-20

2. John Claudius Loudon, appendix to Henry Groom, ‘Description of a Tulip Case’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 2, pp. 309-312

3. Hermann Graf von Pückler-Muskau, Introduction to section 2 Andeutungen über Landschaftsgärtnerei (1834) [transl. 2014 as Hints on Landscape Gardening, pp. 90-93, English trans]

4. Donald Beaton, ‘Spring Flowers and Bedding Plants’, Cottage Gardener, vol. 18 (1857), pp. 129

5. William Robinson, Alpine Flowers for English Gardens (1870), pp. 38-42

6. Eugène Abel Carrière, ‘Mosaiculture au Chateau du Val’, Revue Horticole, 1878, pp. 450-451; ‘Mosaiculture à l’Exposition Universelle’, ibid., pp. 465-468

7. George Eyles, ‘Bedding vs Herbaceous Plants’, Florist & Pomologist (1883), pp. 49-50

8. William Robinson et al., ‘Bedding Out’, The Garden, vol. 2 (1872), pp. 265, 406-410, 503-505, 551

9. Forbes Watson, ‘Faults in Gardening’, Flowers and Gardens (1872), pp. 119-122, 128-130, 134, 136-142

10. William Wildsmith, ‘Summer Bedding’, The English Flower Garden (1883), pp. xcv-xcvi, xcviii-cv

11. Benjamin Disraeli, extract from Lothair (1870), pp. 480-483

b) The Fower Garden: Bedding Schemes and Colour Theory

12. John Caie, ‘On a Proper Arrangement of Plants’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 13 (1837), pp. 301-304; ‘On Grouping Flower-beds’, Florist’s Journal, vol. 2 (1841), pp. 289-290

13. Donald Beaton, ‘Arrangement of Flower-beds’, Cottage Gardener, vol. 4 (1850), p. 76; ‘Combination of Colours’, ibid., p. 19; ‘Bedding-out Plants’, vol. 10 (1853), pp. 20-22; ‘Hampton Court Gardens: Arrangement of Colours in Bedding’, vol. 21 (1859), pp. 17-19

14. Michel Eugène Chevreul, ‘On the Art of Arranging Ornamental Plants in Gardens’, De la Loi du Contrast Simultané des Couleurs (1839) [Engl. transl. as The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours, 1854], pp. 288-294

15. Gardner Wilkinson, extract from On Colour (1858), pp. 58, 59-60, 74-75.

16. [Andrew Murray], ‘Ribbon Beds versus Gardens’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1862), pp. 1218-1219

17. David Taylor Fish, ‘Bedding Out’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1873), pp. 611-612

c) The Flower Garden Outside the Parterre

18. Charles M’Intosh, extract from The Book of the Garden (1855), vol. 1, pp. 655-660

19. Shirley Hibberd, extract from The Amateur’s Rose Book (1885), pp. 36-44, 148-149

20. Donald Beaton, ‘Lists of Plants: Mixed Borders’, Cottage Gardener, vol. 10 (1852), pp. 59-60; ‘The Systematic Arrangement of Mixed Borders’, Cottage Gardener, vol. 15 (1855), pp. 214-215

21. William Robinson, Hardy Flowers (1871), pp. 1-7

22. Gertrude Jekyll, ‘Colour in the Flower Garden’, The Garden, vol. 22 (1882), p. 177; with correspondence, pp. 470-471

23. Gertrude Jekyll and Henry Selfe-Leonard, ‘Hardy-plant Borders’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 21 (1897), pp. 433-435

Part 4. The Rockery and Rock Garden

24. J. C. Loudon’s Description of Hoole House, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 14 (1838), pp. 353-363

25. J. H. C., ‘A Sketch of the Duke of Devonshire’s Gardens at Chatsworth’, Cottage Gardener, vol. 17 (1857), 427; Anon., ‘Chatsworth’, The Garden, vol. 5 (1874), p. 26; D. G. Mitchell, ‘Rockwork at Chatsworth’, The Garden, vol. 1 (1871), p. 50

26. M. Denis, ‘L’Alcazar de Lyon’, Belgique Horticole, vol. 3 (1853), pp. 331-333

27. James Pulham, ‘Stratified Rockwork’, Journal of Horticulture, vol. 30 (1876), p. 137

28. William Robinson, extract from Alpine Flowers for English Gardens (1870), pp. 1-7, 32-36; extract from The English Flower Garden, 4th ed. (1895), pp. 155-156

Part 5. The Pleasure Ground and Woods

29. John Claudius Loudon, extract from Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion (1838), pp. 525-529

30. Hermann Graf von Pückler-Muskau, ‘Transplanting and Grouping of Larger Trees and Planting in General’, Andeutungen über Landschaftsgärtnerei (1834) [transl. 2014 as Hints on Landscape Gardening pp. 51-62]

31. Andrew Jackson Downing, ‘A Few Hints on Landscape Gardening’, from Rural Essays (1853), pp. 119-122

32. Robert Glendinning, ‘On the Introduction of New Coniferous Trees in Park Scenery’, Journal of the Horticultural Society of London, vol. 5 (1850), pp. 173-17533. William Barron, extract from The British Winter Garden (1852), pp. 9-15

34. William Paul, extract from Hand-Book of Villa Gardening (1855), pp. 17-19

35. Alphonse Alphand, extract from Les Promenades de Paris (1867-73), I, pp. li-lvii

36. Robert Glendinning, ‘Elvaston Castle, the Seat of the Earl of Harrington’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1849), p. 773, 789

37. Edward Kemp, ‘Biddulph Grange, the Residence of James Bateman, Esq.’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1856), pp. 727-728

38. Charles W. Quin, ‘The Horticultural Comprachicos of Japan at the Paris Exhibition’, The Garden, vol. 14 (1878), pp. 174-175

39. William Robinson, extract from the The Wild Garden, 3rd ed. (1883), pp. 1-8, vii-viii

40. William Paul, ‘On Colour in the Tree Scenery of our Gardens, Parks, and Pleasure Grounds’ (1870), from his Contributions to Horticultural Literature (1896), pp. 456-461

41. Alexander McKenzie, extract from ‘The Amateur’s Arboretum’, Floral World (1875), pp. 321-323

42. Anon., ‘Waddesdon’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (27 June 1885), pp. 820-821

43. Reginald Blomfield, extract from The Formal Garden in England (1891), pp. 227-229

Part 6. From the Municipal Park to the Garden City

a) Commercial Pleasure Gardens

44. Warwick Wroth, extract from The London Pleasure Gardens of the 18th Century (1896), pp. 4-11

b) Public Walks and Public Parks

45. Public Health, House of Commons debate, 21 February 1833, Hansard vol. 15 cc. 1049-1059

46. Frederick Law Olmsted, extract from Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England (1852), pp. 78-83

47. John Lindley, Leader, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1850), p. 707

48. John Lindley, ‘Finsbury Park’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1857), p. 469

49. Samuel Broome, ‘Flowers in the Public Parks’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1859), p. 726; The Times, 25 November 1859, p. 5 (parliamentary report); Pall Mall Gazette 1866, reprinted in Gardeners’ Chronicle (1866), pp. 879-80

50. Frederick Law Olmsted, ‘Description of a Plan for the Improvement of the Central Park’ (1858), in Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, supplementary series, vol. I, pp. 117-122

51. Frederick Law Olmsted, ‘Report of the Landscape Architects and Superintendents [re Prospect Park]’ (1871), in Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, vol. III, pp. 498-500, 502

52. John James Sexby, extract from The Municipal Parks, Gardens, and Open Spaces of London (1898), pp. 13-17

53. Octavia Hill, extract from Homes of the London Poor (1875), pp. 200-205

c) Town Planning, Garden Cities and Garden Suburbs

54. J. C. Loudon, ‘Hints for Breathing Spaces for the Metropolis’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 5 (1829), pp. 686-690

55. Anon. [John Lindley?], leader in Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1853, pp. 436-437

56. William Paul, ‘The Future of Epping Forest’, Journal of Horticulture, vol. 38 (1880), pp. 96-98

57. Frederick Law Olmsted, Annual Report of the Architect of the United States Capital (1882), pp. 600-606

58. Camillo Sitte, Der Städtebau nach seinen Künstlerischen Grundsätzen (1889), pp. 108-111 [trans.]

59. Joseph Stübben, ‘Promenade Parks’, Der Städtebau (1890), pp. 505-509 [trans.]

60. William Paul, ‘On Trees and Shrubs for Large Towns’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (31 October 1891), pp. 513-514, 556-557

61. Ebenezer Howard, ‘The Town Country Magnet’, To-morrow (1898), pp. 12-19

Bibliography of Sources

List of Press Sources

Bibliography of works cited

Index