Nineteenth-Century Gardens and Gardening

Dr Sarah Dewis followed a career in graphic design at the BBC and completed her doctorate at Birkbeck University of London. She contributed to The Lure of Illustration in Nineteenth Centiury Picture and Press (2009) and to the Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland (2009). She has lectured at the Institute of Historical Research (2014) and is the author of The Loudons and the Gardening Press (2014). Dr Brent Elliott was Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society from 1982 to 2007, and since 2007 has been the Society’s Historian. He is the author of Victorian Gardens (1986), Treasures of the Royal Horticultural Society (1994), The Country House Garden (1995), Flora: an Illustrated History of the Garden Flower (2001), The Royal Horticultural Society: a History 1804-2004 (2004), and most recently, RHS Chelsea Flower Show: a Centenary Celebration (2013). A former editor of Garden History, he is currently editor of Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library. He is a member of the Victorian Society’s Buildings Committee, and for 25 years was a member of the Historic Parks and Gardens Committee/Panel of English Heritage.

Volume 4. Science: Applications

List of illustrations

Acknowledgments

General Introduction

Introduction to volume 4

Part 1. ‘Nature’s Gardens’

a) Ecology

1. William Robinson ‘Nature’s Gardens: Niagara’, The Garden (25 November 1871), pp. 15-16

2. Alexander Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland, Essay on the Geography of Plants (La Géographie des Plantes (1807) (English trans. Sylvie Romanowski (2009), pp.64-66, 69-73, 74-75

3. Ernst Haeckel, General Morphology of Organisms (Generelle Morphologie der Organismen) (1866), bk 5, ch. 19, sect 11, excerpt, pp. 286-287; Edwin Lankester, The History of Creation…(1876), pp. 353-354

4. Anne Pratt, ‘Dispersion of Seeds…’, The Field, the Garden, and the Woodland, or, Interesting Facts Respecting Flowers and Plants in General: Designed for the Young (1841) pp. 18-29

5. Louis van Houtte ‘Short Excursion in the Mountains and the Virgin Forest of Brazil’ (Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 3 (1847), excerpt, p. 282, 282b, 282c

6. Charles Darwin, ‘The Struggle for Existence’, The Origin of Species, (1859 edn.), pp. 71-75

7. Henry David Thoreau, ‘The Succession of Trees’ (1860), lecture excerpt

b) Environment

8. Louis van Houtte, ‘Short Excursion in the Mountains and Virgin Forests of Brazil (‘Courte excursion dans les montagnes des Orgues et dans les forêts vierges au Brésil’), Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 3 (1847) p. 282e-f; 302e-f.

9. Charles Naudin, ‘Egoism and Improvidence’ (‘Egoïsme et Imprévoyance’), Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe, vol. 11 (1856), pp. 21-24

10. Robinson ‘Nature’s Gardens: Niagara’, The Garden (2 December 1871), pp. 26-27

11. F W Burbidge ‘Collecting Orchids Abroad’, Orchids: A Review of their Structure and History, illustrated... (1885), Lewis R Castle, pp. 100-103

12. Jacob Forst, ‘The Cyclopolis in Bloom’, The Midland Florist and Horticulturalist (January 1860), pp. 1-5

13. Edward Newman, ‘Introduction’, ‘Forked Spleenwort’, A History of British Ferns (1840), pp. vii-ix, 73-74

14. Thomas C. March, ‘Moss’, Flower and Fruit Decoration (1862), pp. 30-32

15. Francis Hope, ‘A Plea for Mosses 1 and 2’ Gardeners’ Chronicle (13 February 1875), pp. 204-205; (1 May 1875) 560

Part 2. Experiment

a) Plant Breeding and Propagation

16. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Modes of Propagation by Division’, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies (1840), pp. 70-93

17. F. W. Burbidge, ‘Propagation’, in Domestic Floriculture (2nd edn. 1875), pp. 29-38

18. John Lindley, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (6 July 1844), p. 443

19. Donald Beaton, ‘Greenhouse and Window Gardening’, ‘Geraniums’, Cottage Gardener (9 August 1849), pp. 243-4, ‘Naming New Plants and Crossing Old Ones’, (7 July 1853), 257-8

20. Thomas Meehan, review of the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, Gardener’s Monthly, vol. 2 (May 1860), pp. 151-153; ‘Variations in Nature: A Contribution to the Doctrine of Evolution, and the Theory of Natural Selection’, An Address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Montreal Meeting (August 1882), pp. 8-14

21. Maxwell T. Masters, ‘Leader’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (6 March 1875), pp. 308-9

22. Shirley Hibberd, ‘The Horticulture of Fifty Years’, Gardeners’ Magazine (7 April, 1883), pp. 163-4

23. William Bateson, ‘Hybridisation and Cross-breeding as a Method of Scientific Investigation’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (1900), pp. 59-66

b) Glass Gardens

24. J. C. Loudon, ‘Forms of Hot-house Roofs’, ‘Details of the Construction of Roofs…’, Glazing of Hot-house Roofs’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1827), pp 314-21

25. Joseph Paxton, ‘Description of Victoria Regia House at Chatsworth’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (24 August 1850), p. 548-49

26. Philip Henry Gosse, ‘The Palm-House’, Wanderings through the Conservatories at Kew (1856), pp. 40-6

27. Robert Fish, ‘Erecting a Greenhouse Adjoining a Residence’, Cottage Gardener and Gentleman’s Companion, 12 (5 September 1854), pp. 443-5

28. ‘Hothouses for the Million’, advertisement, Gardener’s Chronicle (21 January 1860), p. 60

29. ‘Horticultural Buildings’, Gardener’s Chronicle (22 February 1896), p. 244; Duncan Tucker catalogue (after 1897) birds-eye-view ‘horticultural joinery mill’ and interior [illustrations]

c) Pipes, Pumps and Cement

30. Conrad Loddiges, ‘On Warming Hothouses by Steam’, Botanical Cabinet, vol. 3 (1818)

31. James Main, ‘On Heating Hot-houses by Hot Water; with some account of a new mode, the invention of Mr Weekes’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 9 (February 1833), pp. 34-36; Loudon response, 36-37; Advert, ‘Weekes Radiator, Gardeners’ Chronicle (11 August 1860), 742

32. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Gas Heating’, The Amateur’s Greenhouse and Conservatory (1873), pp. 22-26

33. J. C. Loudon, ‘On the Construction of Fountains for Gardens’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 9 (April 1833), pp. 208-17

34. Joseph Paxton, ‘The Emperor Fountain at Chatsworth’, Paxton’s Magazine of Botany, vol. 11 (1844) pp. 223-227

35. Freeman Roe, Hand-book of Fountains (1845), pp. 12-14; ‘Hydraulic Ram’ pp. 38-43

36. ‘Observator’, ‘On the Construction of Artificial Rock’ Gardeners’ Chronicle (4 March 1843), p. 134

37. Anon, ‘Artistic Grottoes and Rock Formations’, Neubert’s Deutsches Garten-Magazin, vol. 1 (1882), pp. 136-8

d) Garden Implements and Machines

38. Anon, ‘Tools and Instruments’, Revue Horticole, vol. 1 (April 1829), pp. 19-20

39. Jane W. Loudon, ‘Stirring the Soil’, Instructions in Gardening for Ladies (1840), pp. 7-11

40. Elizabeth Watts, extract from Flowers and the Flower Garden… (1867), pp. 15-16

41. Thomas Record, ‘Watering Contrivances’, Journal of Horticulture vol. 24 (1873), 429-32

42. James Glaisher, ‘On a Thermometer for Taking Temperatures at the Roots of Plants’, ‘On a Dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 4 (1873), 25-7

43. J. C. Loudon, ‘Budding’s Machine for Cropping or Shearing the Vegetable surface of Lawns, Green Plots etc’ Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 8 (January 1832), pp. 34-36; ‘Patent Lawn-mowing and Rolling Machines’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1869), p. 742; William Paul, Handbook of Villa Gardening (1865), pp. 18-22; Max de Nansouty, ‘Gardening and Automobilism’, Le Jardin (1899), 220-21

44. Henry Steuart, The Planter's Guide; Or, A Practical Essay on the Best Method of Giving Immediate Effect to Wood (1828), pp. 223-35

45. William Barron, ‘On Transplanting Large Trees’, British Winter Garden (1852), pp. 25-39

e) Deterrents

46. J. C. Loudon, ‘Machines of Defence’, Encyclopaedia of Gardening (1822), pp. 235-37

47. Peter Kendall, ‘On the Employment of Cats in the Preservation of Fruit from Birds’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, 2nd series, vol. 1 (1835), pp. 390-1; George Fergusson Wilson, ‘Scarecrows’, Gardener’s Chronicle (23 November 1872), p. 1556

48. ‘The Accompanying Branches…Destruction…Winter Moth…, Scientific Committee, Report of meeting of 7 June 1872’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 3, pp. lxxx–lxxxi

49. P. M. A. Millardet, Report on the Use of a Mixture of Lime and Copper Sulphate against Mildew’, Journal d’Agriculture Pratique (1885), pt 2, pp. 731-4

50. ‘Gishurst Compound’, advertisement, Gardeners’ Chronicle (26 February 1859), p. 182: John Lindley, leader, (9 April 1859), 312

f) Fertilisers

51. Isaac Emmerton, ‘Composts Nos 1-8’, A Plain and Practical Treatise on the Culture & Management of the Auricula, Polyanthus, Carnation, Pink, and the Ranunculus; with Full Directions for Preparing the Most Approved Composts, Raising New Varieties from Seed, & C. & C. Founded Upon Thirty Years' Successful Experience (1815), pp. 56-69

52. J. C. Loudon, ‘Hints for a Plan for Saving Manure Lost in the Common Sewers of London’, Gardener’s Magazine, vol. 5 (December 1829), pp. 690-91

53. Victor Hugo, ‘The Intestines of Leviathan’, Les Miserables, (1862)

54. John Lindley, ‘New Manure Called Guano’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1841), p. 598, ‘Adulterated Guano’, [Leader] (11 May 1850), p. 291, ‘London Guano - Bermondsey Incident’, (1 June), 342

55. Shirley Hibberd, ‘Manures and Composts’, Profitable Gardening (1863), pp. 27-36

56. John Bennet Lawes, ‘Superphosphate of Lime’, ‘In What do the Fertilising Qualities of Bones Consist?’, Gardeners’ Chronicle (1844), p. 107

Select bibliography of sources

List of press sources

Select bibliography of works cited

Index