Between One and Many

PART I. FOUNDATIONS 1. Practical Speaking Personal Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills Satisfying Your Personal Needs Meeting the Personal Needs of Others Professional Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills Promoting Your Professional Self Presenting Ideas to Decision Makers Creating Change in the Workplace Becoming a Functioning Force in Meetings Developing Active Listening Skills Public Reasons for Developing Speaking Skills Becoming a Critical Thinker Functioning as an Informed Citizen Preserving Freedom of Speech Raising the Level of Public Discourse The Public Speaking Transaction The Situation The Speaker and the Audience Members Messages: Content and Relational Components Constructing and Interpreting Symbols Channels Perceptions Words and Things Box 1.1 Considering Diversity: A Passion for Speaking: Jonathan Studebaker Box 1.2 Self-Assessment: How Much Experience Do You Have Speaking? 2. Your First Speech First Things First Analyzing the Situation Choosing a Topic Choosing a General Speech Purpose Writing Your Specific Purpose Statement Writing Your Thesis Statement Preparing Your Speech Begin with your own experience Look to general sources of information Interview experts Conduct computerized searches Consider specialized sources of information Organizing Your Speech Introduction Body Conclusion Presenting Your Speech Use Your Voice Effectively Use Your Face and Eyes Effectively Use Your Body Effectively Methods of Delivery Box 2.1 Speaking Of: Brainstorming for Topics Box 2.2 In Their Own Words: Sample Speech Outline: Go Sun Smart by Shelly Lee Box 2.3 Profile: The Dole Stroll by Nichola D. Gutgold 3. Managing Speech Anxiety Physiological Arousal and Speech Anxiety The Psychology of Arousal and Performance Roots: Why some are more anxious than others Pessimistic Attitude Inadequate Preparation and Practice Negative or Insufficient Experience Unrealistic Goals Negative Self-Talk Misdirected Concerns Stage One: Managing Anxiety Before You Speak Visual Imagery Making Effective Use of Relaxation Techniques Combining Techniques Stage Two: Managing Anxiety During Your Speech The Audience Appearance Self Talk Stage Three: Managing Anxiety After Your Speech Box 3.1 Self-Assessment: How Anxious Are You About Public Speaking? Box 3.2 Self-Assessment: What Are the Sources of Your Speech Anxiety? Box 3.3 Profiles: An Athlete's Approach to Anxiety: Kristi Yamaguchi 4. Listening Everyday Importance of Listening The Nature of Listening Active Mindfulness Selective Attention Sensorial Involvement Comprehension Retention Misconceptions About Listening "It's Easy to Listen" "I'm Smart, So I'm a Good Listener" "There's No Need to Plan Ahead" "I Can Read, So I Can Listen" Obstacles to Listening Physical Conditions Cultural Differences Personal Problems Bias Connotative Meanings Anxiety Goals of Listening Listening to Understand Listening to Appreciate Critical Listening Techniques to Improve Your Listening Skills Setting Goals Blocking Out Distracting Stimuli Suspending Judgment Focusing on Main Points Recognizing Highlights and Signposts Taking Effective Notes Being Sensitive to Metacommunication Paraphrasing Questioning Box 4.1 Considering Diversity: Listening in High- and Low- Context Cultures Box 4.2 Self-Assessment: What Is Your Level of Receiver Apprehension? PART II. ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE 5. Adapting to Your Audience Goals and Specific Purpose The Audience Audience Diversity Discovering Cultural Diversity Adapting to Cultural Diversity Demographic Diversity Individual Diversity The Situation How Your Audience Can Help You Achieve Your Goals Confronting Constraints Box 5.1 In Their Own Words: Excerpt of Mary Fisher AIDS speech Box 5.2 Considering Diversity: Between Two Cultures: Tomoko Mukawa Box 5.3 Self Assessment: How Collectivistic or Individualistic Are You? 6. Ethical Speaking Basic Ethical Questions Why Care About Ethics? Is Everything Relative? Are There Rules for Every Situation? Does the Good of the Many Outweigh the Good of the Few? How Do Specific Situations Affect Ethical Principles? Do the Ends Justify the Means? Ethical Norms for Public Speakers Be Truthful Show Respect for the Power of Words Invoke Participatory Democracy Demonstrate Tolerance for Cultural Diversity Treat People as Ends, Not Means Provide Good Reasons Special Issues for Speakers Plagiarism and Source Attribution Building Goodwill and Trustworthiness Revealing or Concealing Intentions Discussing Both Sides of a Controversial Issue Ethical Norms for Listeners Take Responsibility for Choices Stay Informed Speak Out Be Aware of Biases Ethical Obligations of Speakers and Listeners: A Summary Box 6.1 Considering Diversity: Culture and Credit Box 6.2 Self-Assessment Self-Assessment: When Is It Acceptable to Lie? Box 6.3 Speaking Of ... Codes of Conduct for Public Speaking PART III. PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE 7. Researching and Supporting Your Message Focusing on Your Audience, Topic, and Specific Purpose Supporting Your Speech Examples Facts Statistics Expert Opinion Explanations Descriptions Narratives Finding Support The Library The Internet Interviews Using Your Research Preparing a Bibliography Recording Information Guide to Source Citations American Psychological Association (APA) Style Modern Language Association (MLA) Style Box 7.1 Considering Diversity: Cultures on the Web Box 7.2 Profile: The Importance of Interviewing: Professor Rick Rigsby 8. Organizing Your Message Focusing on Your Audience Refining Your Specific Purpose Focusing on Your Thesis Statement Organizing the Body of the Speech Main Points Subpoints Supporting Points Patterns of Organization Signposts Introducing Your Speech Open With Impact Focus on the Thesis Statement Connect With Your Audience Preview Your Speech Concluding Your Speech Summarize Close With Impact Preparing the Formal Outline Preparing Speaker's Notes Overhead Transparencies Box 8.1 Considering Diversity: Organization and Culture Box 8.2 Profiles: On Writing Comedy: Russ Woody Box 8.3 In Their Own Words: Sample Speech Outline: Accident or Suicide: Driving without a Seatbelt by Karen Shirk 9. Language: Making Verbal Sense of Your Message Word Power Language and Audience Diversity Language and Cultural Diversity Language and Demographic Diversity Language and Individual Diversity Using Language Effectively Use Inclusive Language Use Competence-Enhancing Language Use Language to Its Fullest Potential Show Don't Simply Tell Rhythmic Speech Language Intensity Managing Language Use Concrete Words and Phrases Use Oral Language Keep It Simple Use Signposts Use Visual Kinesthetic and Auditory Language Final Words of Caution Avoid Stereotypes Avoid Sexist Language Box 9.1 In Their Own Words: "We, the People": Barbara Jordan Box 9.2 Considering Diversity: How Does Language Marginalize People? 10. Delivery: Engaging Your Audience Focusing Your Delivery on Your Audience Choosing an Appropriate Method of Delivery Delivering Speeches to Diverse Audiences Adapting Delivery to the Speech Occasion Your Voice Vocal Production Articulation Speaking in Your Own Voice Nonverbal Characteristics of Delivery The Continuous Nature of Nonverbal Behavior The Simultaneous Use of Multiple Channels The Spontaneous Nature of Nonverbal Behavior Delivery and the Nonverbal Communication System The Environment Appearance The Eyes and Face Gestures and Movement Posture Touch Time The Functions of Nonverbal Behavior in Delivery Complementing Your Message Contradicting Your Message Repeating Your Message Substituting for a Verbal Cue Increasing the Perception of Immediacy Exciting the Audience Delivering a Powerful Speech Taking a Proactive Approach Box 10.1 Speaking Of ... Seating Arrangements Box 10.2 Speaking Of ... Handling the Q&A 11. Using Media in Your Speech Presentational Media Avoiding Common Mistakes Over Reliance Too Much Hard to See Information Using the Wrong Type of Presentational Aid Why We Need Effective Presentational Media As a Complement to Speech As a Visual Illustration of the Spoken Word As a Regulator of Speech As Emblematic Speech Content Diagrams and Illustrations Charts, Graphs, and Maps Selecting the Right Medium Objects Models Poster Board Flip Charts PowerPoint Overheads Video Audio 35mm Slides/Photographs Guidelines for Creating and Using Visual Aids Simplicity Size and Visibility Layout Color Box 11.1 Speaking of: Murphy's Law Revisited Box 11.2 Self Assessment: Visual IQ Test Box 11.3 Speaking Of: Power Point Poison PART IV. CONTEXTS FOR PUBLIC SPEAKING 12. Informative Speaking Focusing on Your Audience: Adapting to Different Styles of Learning Informative Speaking and Styles of Learning Informative Speaking, Learning, and Persuasion Message Keys of Effective Informative Speaking Audience Involvement Audience Appropriateness Audience Accessibility Life Enhancement Putting Theory Into Practice Speeches That Explain a Process Speeches That Explain a Concept Speeches That Instruct Speeches That Demonstrate How to Do Something Speeches That Describe Forums for Informative Speaking Informative Speaking in the Classroom Informative Speaking in the Workplace Informative Speaking in the Community Box 12.1 In Their Own Words: "Down Syndrome" by Lorenmarie Manning Box 12.3 In Their Own Words: "Fencing" by Evan N. Mironor 13. Persuasive Speaking Focusing on Your Audience: Assessing the Situation The Four Goals of Persuasive Speaking Adapting to Your Audience Ethical Constraints Speaking with Credibility Similarity Credibility Constructing a Persuasive Message The Elaboration Likelihood Model Evidence and Persuasion The Importance of a Two-Sided Message Peripheral Cues to Persuasion Motivating Through Fear Appealing to Primitive Beliefs Persuasive Speaking in Practice Adapting Your Goals to Your Audience Organizing Your Persuasive Speech Balancing the Means of Persuasion Box 13.1 Speaking Of ... Does Drug Education Really Work? Box 13.2 Self-Assessment: How Similar or Dissimilar Are You and Your Audience? Box 13.3 Considering Diversity: Culture and Persuasion Box 13.4 In Their Own Words: "Condemnation to Compassion" by Josette Parker 14. Thinking and Speaking Critically Critical Thinking and Public Speaking Pseudoreasoning and Fallacies Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness The Toulmin Model of Argument Fallacies Associated With Grounds Unsupported Assertion Distorted Evidence Isolated Examples Misused Statistics Fallacies Associated With Claims Red Herring Arguing in a Circle Fallacies Associated With Warrants and Backing Generalization Warrants Comparison (Analogy) Warrants Causal Warrants Sign Warrants Authority Warrants Fallacies Associated With Qualifiers Loaded Language Hyperbole Loaded Language Hyperbole Fallacies Associated with Rebuttals Straw Person Ignoring the Issue The Non Sequitur: An Argument That Does Not Follow Box 14.1 In Their Own Words: "Mandatory Drug Testing by Miranda Welsh Box 14.2 In Their Own Words: "The War on Drugs--Our 21st Century Vietnam? by David A. Sanders Box 14.3 Self-Assessment: Uncritical Inference Test Box 14.4 Speaking Of ... Defects of Reasoning: The Fallacies Answers to "Self Assessment: Uncritical Inference Test" 15. Speaking Across the Life Span Reframing: Speaking as Storytelling Probability Fidelity Impromptu Speeches: Speaking Without Advance Notice First Things First: Anticipate the Occasion Tips for Impromptu Speaking Leading and Participating in Small Groups Leadership Functions Panel Discussions Speaking on Special Occasions Speech of Acceptance Speech of Introduction Speech of Recognition Speech of Commemoration Speeches to Entertain Speaking on Television Box 15.1 Speaking Of ... The Wedding Toast Box 15.2 In Their Own Words: Jeraline Singh's Speech: America! Box 15.3 Speaking Of ... Chatting It Up on TV: Paul Burnham Finney Appendix A: Speech of Introduction, Jonathan Studebaker Appendix B: Public Speeches for Analysis Speech to Republican National Convention by Mary Fisher Speech to Democratic National Convention by Carolyn McCarthy Address to Joint Session of Congress by President George W. Bush. Glossary Index Credits Index Credits