Managing Democracy in the Digital Age (eBook)

Dr Julia Schwanholz is a Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Political Science, Georg-August University, Goettingen. She completed her PhD on Parliamentary Powers within the financial market- and economic crisis in comparative perspective in 2014. Her research focus includes political systems, parliaments, digital transformation, and social media. julia.schwanholz@sowi.uni-goettingen.de Todd Graham is a University Academic Fellow in Media and Communication at the School of Media and Communication, University of Leeds. His main research interests are the use of new media in representative democracies, the intersections between popular culture and formal politics, online election campaigns, online deliberation and political talk, and online civic engagement. T.graham@leeds.ac.uk Peter-Tobias Stoll holds a chair for public land and international law at the Faculty of Law of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen and is one of the directors of the Institute for International Law and European Law.

Book Abstract 5
Acknowledgement 6
Contents 7
About the Editors 9
Chapter 1: Digital Transformation: New Opportunities and Challenges for Democracy? 10
Part I: Challenges for Internet Regulation on the Global, EU, and National Level 17
Chapter 2: Internet Censorship in Liberal Democracies: Learning from Autocracies? 18
Introduction 18
Internet Blocking in Liberal Democracies 21
The Empirical Picture 22
Analytical Framework: Driving Forces and Obstacles 27
Data and Quantitative Analysis 30
Conclusion 32
References 34
Chapter 3: The Emergence and Analysis of European Data Protection Regulation 36
Introduction 36
State of the Art 39
The Analysis of Governance-Related Aspects of Data Protection 40
Privacy Advocacy 41
Internet Governance and Privacy 42
The Value and Content of Privacy 43
Surveillance and Data Protection 44
Synopsis 45
The Emergence of European Data Protection Politics 47
Four Generations of National Data Protection Laws 47
Early Efforts on the International Level 49
The Emergence of the European Data Protection Framework 50
The Emergence of the General Data Protection Regulation 51
Conclusion 54
References 55
Chapter 4: Internet Policy and German Copyright Regulation. A Subsystem Perspective to Assess Changes in Interest Group Dynami... 60
Introduction 60
The Theoretical Framework of Policy Subsystems 61
Well Established: The German Copyright Subsystem 63
Internationalization 67
Toward Worldwide Harmonization 67
National Leeway 68
A New Internet Policy Subsystem 70
The New Logic 70
Interdependence Instead of Subsumption 73
The Changes to Urheberrecht Subsystem Dynamics 74
The Impact of the Internet on Existing Policies 74
Change to Adversarial Subsystem Dynamics 75
Summary 78
References 79
Part II: Political Communication and Social Media: From Politics to Citizens 82
Chapter 5: Parliaments 2.0? Digital Media Use by National Parliaments in the EU 83
Introduction: Why Analyze Parliaments´ Websites? 83
Websites of Politicians and Parliaments as Subjects of Empirical Analysis, Disenchantment with Politics, and the Need for Furt... 84
Political Communication and Participation in Web 2.0 87
Digital Media Use on Parliamentary Websites: An EU-Wide Comparison 89
Methodology and Case Selection 89
Empirical Analysis of Parliamentary Websites: Results and Discussion 90
Conclusion 94
Appendix 95
Bibliography 100
Chapter 6: Much Ado About Nothing? The Use of Social Media in the New Digital Agenda Committee of the German Bundestag 102
Introduction 102
The Digital Agenda Committee: A New Permanent Committee in the Bundestag 104
Theoretical Background: Twitter as a Social Media Engagement Tool 106
Empirical Data and Findings 108
Methodology 108
Results 110
Discussion and Conclusion 117
Bibliography 121
Chapter 7: Social Media Logic and Its Impact on Political Communication During Election Times 124
Introduction 124
Social Media in the Hypermedia Campaign 125
Negotiating News Values 126
Going Viral 126
Anticipating ``Likes´´ 127
Content as a Process 127
Audience Selectivity and Reach 128
Methodology 128
Research Context and Participant Selection 128
In-Depth Interviews with Politicians 129
Social Media Data Collection and Analysis 130
Results: Understanding the Hybrid Social Media Ecology 131
Balancing Newsworthiness and Bad Publicity 131
Attempts to Reverse Engineer Virality 132
Towards Infinite Judgment? 133
Negotiating the Goldfish 133
Audience Selectivity and Targetability 135
Concluding Remarks 136
References 137
Chapter 8: The Personal in the Political on Twitter: Towards a Typology of Politicians´ Personalized Tweeting Behaviours 141
Introduction 141
Personalization 142
Social Media and Personalization 144
Research Focus and Methodology 145
Findings 150
Personalized Tweeting Practices: A Typology 154
Conclusion 156
References 157
Chapter 9: Social Media Sourcing Practices: How Dutch Newspapers Use Tweets in Political News Coverage 162
Introduction 162
Sources, Journalists, and (Political) News Coverage 164
The Use of Twitter as a News Source 165
Research Design and Methodology 167
Findings 168
How Frequently Is Twitter Used as a News Source? 168
Whose Tweets Are Cited? 169
What Function Do Cited Tweets Serve? 172
What Types of Tweets Are Cited? 173
The Use of Personal and Humorous Tweets 174
What Are the Dominant Quoting Practices? 176
Discussion and Conclusion 177
References 178
Part III: Online Civic Engagement and the Public Sphere 182
Chapter 10: New Rituals for Public Connection: Audiences´ Everyday Experiences of Digital Journalism, Civic Engagement, and So... 183
Introduction 183
Ritualization, De-ritualization, Re-ritualization? 185
Methodology 188
Results 189
New Media, New Routines? 189
New Habits, New Rituals? 193
The Importance of Social Networks 195
Conclusion 197
References 198
Chapter 11: Social Media as Civic Space for Media Criticism and Journalism Hate 202
Media Change, Social Media, and Media Criticism 202
Introduction 202
Social Media and Politics, Participation, and Expressive Communication 204
A New Era for Media Criticism 205
Analyzing Media Criticism/Critique as Process, in Relation to Accountability and in Social Setting 207
The Case, Background, Material and Method 208
Analysis 209
Overview of the Analysis 209
The Intentions 209
The Object of Critique/Criticism 212
The Process: Critique, Phases, Relations, and Accountability 213
The Process: Critique 214
The Process: Phases 215
The Process: Relations 216
The Process: Responsibility and Accountability 216
Comparing Critique and Accountability 217
Conclusions and Discussion 218
The Process 219
What Kind of Civic Space? 219
The Case Through the Lens of Critical Institutionalism 220
Final Comments 221
References 221
Chapter 12: Lurkers and the Fantasy of Persuasion in an Online Cultural Public Sphere 223
Introduction 223
Cultural Participation 225
Setting and Previous Research 226
Method 227
Lurkers and Lurking 229
Lurkers as an Imagined Audience? 230
A Fantasy 231
The Fantasy of Persuasion 233
Concluding Remarks 238
References 239
Chapter 13: Environmental Talk in the Chinese Green Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of Daily Green-Speak Across Three Ch... 242
Introduction 242
Chinese Internet and the Public Sphere in China 243
Everyday Political Talk as an Agent of Change in Digital Age in China 245
Political Talk About the Environment in the Chinese Green Sphere 246
Methods 248
Findings and Discussion 251
Level 1 Process of Deliberation 251
Level 2 Civic Behaviors 254
Level 3 Expression of Sentiments 256
Conclusion 258
References 260
Chapter 14: Afterword: Clinton, Trump, and Artificial Intelligence 263
References 268