The Renal System at a Glance

Professor Chris O'Callaghan, Professor of Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Preface to the fourth edition vii

Introduction and how to use this book ix

Abbreviations x

Glossary xii

Nomenclature xiv

Normal values xv

About the companion website xvii

Part 1 Introduction 1

1 The kidney: structural overview 2

2 The kidney: functional overview 4

3 Development of the renal system 6

4 Clinical features of kidney disease 8

5 The kidney: laboratory investigations and diagnostic imaging 10

Part 2 Filtration and blood flow 13

6 Renal vascular biology 14

7 Glomerular filtration 16

8 Renal vascular disease 18

9 Erythropoietin and anemia in renal disease 20

Part 3 Sodium and water 23

10 Renal sodium handling 24

11 The kidney and water handling 26

12 Regulation of body sodium and body water 28

13 Disorders of sodium and water metabolism 30

14 Hyponatremia and hypernatremia 32

15 The edema states: sodium and water retention 34

Part 4 Potassium 37

16 Renal potassium handling 38

17 Regulation of potassium metabolism 40

18 Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia 42

Part 5 Acid-base 45

19 Renal acid-base and buffer concepts 46

20 Renal acid-base handling 48

21 Acid-base regulation and responses to acid-base disturbances 50

22 Clinical disorders of acid-base metabolism and metabolic acidosis 52

23 Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis 54

24 Renal tubular acidosis 56

Part 6 Divalent ions – calcium, phosphate and magnesium 59

25 Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism 60

26 Regulation of divalent ions and disorders of phosphate and magnesium 62

27 Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia 64

Part 7 Drugs and genetic disorders 67

28 Drug and organic molecule handling by the kidney 68

29 Renal pharmacology: diuretics 70

30 Hereditary disorders of tubular transport 72

31 Polycystic kidney disease 74

Part 8 Glomerular and tubulointerstitial disease 77

32 Glomerular disease: an overview 78

33 Glomerular pathologies and their associated diseases 80

34 Specific diseases affecting the glomeruli 82

35 Proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome 84

36 Tubulointerstitial disease 86

Part 9 Systemic conditions and the renal system 89

37 Hypertension: causes and clinical evaluation 90

38 Hypertension: complications and therapy 92

39 Pregnancy and the renal system 94

40 Diabetes mellitus and the kidney 96

Part 10 Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease 99

41 Acute kidney injury: pathophysiology 100

42 Acute kidney injury: clinical aspects 102

43 Chronic kidney disease and kidney function in the elderly 104

44 Severe chronic kidney disease and renal bone disease 106

45 Severe chronic kidney disease: clinical complications and their management 108

46 Treatment of kidney failure with dialysis 110

47 Peritoneal dialysis and continuous hemofiltration 112

48 Renal transplantation 114

49 Global kidney medicine 116

Part 11 Stones, infection and cancer 119

50 Urinary tract infection 120

51 Urinary tract stones 122

52 Urinary tract cancer 124

Case studies and questions 126

Answers 129

Index 133