Polar Oceanography (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Polar Oceanography: Chemistry, Biology, and Geology, Part B 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contents of Part A Physical Science 8
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Chapter 8. Chemical Oceanography 18
I. Introduction 18
II. The Arctic Ocean 19
III. The Southern Ocean 43
References 80
Chapter 9. Polar Phytoplankton 88
I. Introduction 88
II. Pelagic Production 91
III. Processes Affecting Phytoplankton Distribution 123
IV. Ice-Algal Production 124
V. Coupling of Ice Community with Water Column 127
VI. Conclusions 128
Acknowledgments 129
References 129
Chapter 10. Polar Zooplankton 139
I. Introduction 139
II. The Arctic 140
III. The Antarctic 166
IV. Concluding Remarks 191
Acknowledgments 193
References 193
Chapter 11. The Upper Trophic Levels in Polar Marine Ecosystems 211
I. Introduction 211
II. The Arctic and Antarctic Environments 212
III. Polar Communities and Food Webs 214
IV. Factors That Concentrate Upper-Level Trophic Interactions in Polar Waters 221
V. Competitive interactions 232
VI. Summary and Future Directions 235
Acknowledgments 236
References 237
Chapter 12. Polar Benthos 243
I. Introduction 244
II. On Early Exploration and Collections 246
III. Origin, Evolution, and Historical Background of Arctic Habitats and Species 247
IV. Arctic Patterns and Processes 253
V. Arctic Macroalgae 263
VI. Origin, Evolution, and Historical Background of Antarctic Habitats and Species 265
VII. Antarctic Patterns and Processes 270
VIII. Antarctic Benthic Macroalgae 281
IX. Discussion 284
Acknowledgments 287
References 288
Chapter 13. Particle Fluxes and Modern Sedimentation in the the Polar Oceans 299
I. Introduction 300
II. Ocean Particles and Mechanisms of Settling 303
III. Methods of Particle Flux Studies in Polar Oceans: Field Experiments 306
IV, Arctic Oceans and Their Marginal Seas: Pelagic Particle Fluxes 309
V. Antarctic Oceans: Pelagic Particle Fluxes 319
VI. Comparison of Pelagic Fluxes in the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans 327
VII. Processes of Neritic Sedimentation in the Polar Oceans 334
VIII. Summary and Conclusions 344
Acknowledgments 345
References 346
Index 353